Italian wines (viticulture) Essay

The purpose of this paper is to critically review and understand the science of grapes, the process of growing them, maintenance of the vines, harvesting and extracting wine from these grapes (viticulture) especially in Italy. Bottling, storage and transportation of wine are also critical factors to ensure that wine gets to the target consumers in the right manner with the desired taste and aroma. Italy is one of the major wine producers in the world accounting for about 25% of the world’s total production. Introduction Viticulture was introduced in Italy around 800 B. C by the Greeks. The Romans defeated the Greeks during the battle of Carthage and immediately started growing grapes all over Italy. At that time most of the farms were planted with grapes to an extent that the production of foods crops had drastically reduced and the Emperor of that time ordered mass destruction of vineyards so that foods crops could be grown instead. The fast expansion of the Roman Empire led to introduction of viticulture to their conquered lands which include the present day France and Spain. The wines produced in Italy during these ancient times had more alcohol content than the wines in the modern times. Discussion Wine taking in Italy dates back to time before the time of Jesus Christ and was an indispensable way of Italian life. In the ancient times wine was used in churches and other religious places. For this reason grapes were grown practically every where in Italy making it the largest wine producer in ancient and modern times. Large scale growth of vines started when the Romans defeated Greeks and drove them from Italy. Under the Roman law viticulture was not allowed to be introduced to other countries and provinces at the beginning. When grapes were harvested, the Romans exchanged them for slaves who were to work in the vine yards to boost grape production. A variety of grapes have been widely cultivated in Italy since the ancient which led to production of a variety of wines. These varieties either produce red or white wine depending on the process they are exposed to. Red wine is made using the grape fruit as a whole including the skin and seeds while in making the white wine the skin and the seeds are removed. Viticulture in Italy is greatly enhanced by soils rich in calcium and carbonate, the warm and relatively dry conditions. For a long time Italy has been recognized for producing high quality wine which is available at relatively affordable prices than wine from other producing countries making Italian wines a favorite to many. Wineries in this country are now growing their own grapes rather than buying from small scale farmers ensuring production of high quality wine. This enables them to plan the vine yards accordingly and also make sure that the grapes mature well so that production of quality wine is easily achieved. By establishing their own vine yards the wineries were assured of better quality wine because they adopted new farming and harvesting techniques maintaining the right concentration of sugars and aroma. Mature grapes are either picked manually or by use of machines in relatively dry weathers which are the best during harvest and then transported to the wineries. In the wineries the grapes are crushed when they are either having the seeds and the outer skin or not resulting to red and white wine respectively. The juice mixture is left for sometime ranging from a few hours to several weeks after which the juice is squeezed out leaving the other residual behind. The wine yeast is added to enhance fermentation with temperatures being maintained constant for a period of about seven days. The wine is then put in casks or barrels for the aging process after which filtration is done followed by pasteurization and then bottling. New varieties of grape vines resistant to pests are being introduced in Italy to ensure continuous wine production. In the last few centuries Italy introduced modern techniques in wineries for longer preservation of wine in order to curb competition from France and Spain. The management of the wine industry was nationalized and the number of grape varieties reduced to concentrate on varieties that could be grown in most regions. The government certified most of the wine varieties raising the quality of the wine industry and assuring the consumers that Italian wine was of good quality. Conclusion Viticulture has been a very vital industry in Italy since the ancient times and has tried to maintain this reputation. Advanced propagation, soil management, protection of grape vine techniques and biodynamic viticulture in Italy are some of the key factors as to why Italy leads other countries in wine production. In Italy wine should not be bottled if it not inspected and approved making sure that the wine is of high quality. Though there have been several challenges including competition and economic challenges this country has remained the largest producer of wine in the world and they are also introducing more measure to maintain this position. It is evident that a lot remains to be done to ensure that Italian wines remain the number one to consumers. References Ronald, J. Wine Science: Principles and Applications. 3rd Edition. Academic Press, 2008. Tenney, F. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Pageant Books, 1959. Tim, U. Wine and the Vine: A Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. 2nd Edition. Routledge, 1996. Peregrine, H. Nicholas, P. The Corrupting Sea: a study of Mediterranean history. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.

Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography

Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography, a wedding photography service based in Calgary, Alberta, has announced its full range of services including international locations By prong Prepossessing Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography, a wedding photography service based in Calgary, Alberta, has announced its full range of services including international locations Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography is a luxury wedding, engagement, and lifestyle photography studio. Announcing Services Provided in Canada andInternationally, June 03, 2014 /Prepossessing/ – Customers demanding the best In Calgary wedding photography can turn to one of Canada's award winning and Internationally recognized photographers. Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography , now providing its services in Calgary, Fans, Commoner, Edmonton, Vancouver, Los Angels and Internationally. Your photographs will depict the emotion, feeling, and experience of your day, no matter the setting. For Canadian couples requiring a wedding photographer, Calgary is a stunning action with beautiful architecture, natural landscapes and mountains with stunning vistas.Providing the best In Calgary, Fans, and Commoner wedding photography , Nicole Sarah tailors Its services to provide award winning, emotive, editorial and publication worthy Imagery. Nicole Sarah Is a professional wedding photographer with an educational background In Fine Arts. Because Nicole Sarah Photography is considered one of the best wedding photographers in Calgary, they book quickly and only accept a limited amount of pots each year to provide only the highest quality experience and photographs to each couple. They can be reached online or by phone.A direct phone number and email address are provided at www. Micronesian. Com About Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography Is a luxury wedding, engagement, and lifestylephotography studio. While she shoots primarily In Canada, she Is also base d out of Los Angels, California and Vancouver, Fans, Commoner, Edmonton as well as Nicole Sarah is a Calgary Wedding Photographer who blends fashion, luxury, fine art ND Journalistic storytelling into her exquisite and finely detailed work.She has won multiple national and international awards and accolades for her wedding photography and has been featured in prominent publications including Vogue Magazine, Wedding's Magazine, Style Me Pretty and Then. Com Contact Nicole Sarah Calgary Wedding Photography [email  protected] Com or [email  protected] Com ALBERTA, CANADA Nicole Sarah www. Micronesian. Com Source URL: http://prepossessing. Com/Nicole-Sarah-Calgary-wedding-photography- weatherproofing-service-based-Calgary-Alberta-has

English Legal Skills and System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

English Legal Skills and System - Coursework Example The flats were substantially completed. This implies that this was less than completion. This means that none of the eight flats was completed and, therefore, no further payment was due. 5. To dismiss the subsidiary argument by the defendant’s counsel, Glidewell LJ applies the authority in relation to a case of Hoenig v. Isaacs [1952] 2 All E.R. 176. In this case, the complainant’s work was to decorate and furnish the defendant’s house for 750 pounds payable as work proceeded and balanced on completion. Plaintiff received 400 pounds and the defendant moved into the house on bases that there were some defects. Some defects were found however, the work was substantially completed. The court ruled that the plaintiff was eligible to be paid the outstanding balance minus the cost of making defected goods or omissions. 6. Russell LJ agrees with the Glidewell LJ’s dismissal of the subsidiary argument since it relates to the defendant’s submission that the complainant deserved the  £10,300 because of the eight houses none had been completed. He agrees with the judge’s findings that there has been the considerable completion and a small amount should be deducted to cover for incomplete and defective items. 7. For the benefit of law to his client, the defendant’s lawyer to support his position argues the complainant was promising to do more than what the subcontract specifies. That is to continue with carpentry work and do it within the stipulated time. He applies the authority based on the principle of law which dates back to a decision made in Stilk v. Myrick. 8. a) According to Glidewell LJ, the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be relied upon because the doctrine provides a scenario where a person to a whom a promise is made can seek additional payments for services which he is bound to offer under the existing contract or by promise. He states

How Does the UK and US Fast Food Industry Represent Globalisation, Dissertation

How Does the UK and US Fast Food Industry Represent Globalisation, Gender, Healthy Lifestyle - Dissertation Example century, where globalisation has transformed almost all the facets of the world and has created a universal raised area for all. Fast food industry is growing at a marvelous and remarkable speed with their immense advertising campaign all over the globe. Since the people are moving ahead at a phenomenal pace, therefore, they do not have much options left to have well-prepared and cooked meals. In addition, the traditional concepts of having meals with the entire family as a part of the traditional culture are also shifting, which has emerged and augmented the concept of quick service restaurants that are even renown as fast food restaurants. Numerous studies and researches have come under performances to identify and get familiar with the trends of the fast food industries. The trends vary from country to country due to the cultural differences the people of different nations have their own set of norms, customs and values, which they follow. The overall trend of the fast food indust ry speaks that during the last few decades the demand for the fast foods is increasing at a rampant pace. Nevertheless, the increasing health awareness have caused many legal actions and cases against these fast food restaurants and this negative publicity has made a radical impact on to the sales of the fast foods in many parts of the word. Dominos Pizza and McDonalds are amongst the fast food restaurants that has emerged into giants and leading chain of restaurants that reach the consumers all over the world. The consequences various studies provide the piece of evidence of eating fast foods regularly are leading to numerous health enormities and this subject of matter is a growing concern in the modern times. Health problems that include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart problems are the top-rated diseases that arise due to obesity. Obesity has been one of the most common and widespread problems that have come under experience especially amongst the young generations d ue to eating of fast foods. The investigation and the analysis have come to the conclusion that fast foods have a deficiency in vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates due to the reason that these foods are full of bad fats, contains high amount of salt and other preservatives, which results in obesity and other lethal diseases. However, the outcomes of many of the studies also reveals the truth that fast food industry spends a huge amount of their capital in the investments for their promotional campaigns in order to draw the attention of as many customers as possible towards the eating of the fast foods. The most popular forms of advertisements used by them are the print

New orleans after hurricane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New orleans after hurricane - Essay Example Many people in New Orleans experience post traumatic stress and need a lot of support and counseling to deal with this issue according to Rhoads, Pearman, and Rick (Nd). Nutrition and metabolism focus on food and fluid consumption patterns in relation to the metabolic needs according to Daniels and Daniels (2004). This involves evaluation of local nutrient supplies and their adequacy. In New Orleans, new restaurants have been established as well as new and improved types of foods such as praline, red beans and rice. The Foods Policy Advisory Committee has been established by the City Council of New Orleans to study access to health food access and reduce disparities experienced in accessing healthy food. Other issues such as problems related to tissue integrity, gastrointestinal system, fluid balance and host defense are also identified through this pattern. Elimination is a pattern where data collection focuses on patterns of excretion (Sonoma, nd). In New Orleans excretory problems including diarrhea and constipation were experienced due to disparities in food access after the hurricanes. Data collection is done annually by researchers in the health sector to establish changes in food consumption in New Orleans.

Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese Americans Essay

Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese Americans - Essay Example The United States President made the above Executive Order to protect American interests. The Enduring Visions’ Chapter 25 states that the president during 1942 was Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Boyer 765). The order instructed all military units to imprison all Japanese Americans in preselected military prison camps (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/). The order was made in order to restrict the movement of resident who are of Japanese ancestries. The United States war enemies of 1942 included Japan, Italy, and Germany. The order was meant to restrict the movements of the Japanese Americans, two months after Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japanese military pilots (Laurier 35). Further, the order instructed the military to give food, shelter and other comforts to the incarcerated civilians. The order does mention the nationalities of the persons to be rounded up and imprisoned. However, the letter clearly states that the military will include the Japanese residents among those to be picked up and locked up in military camps within the United States (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/). Furthermore, the United States instructed the Secretary of War and the military commander to spearhead seeking the help of the federal troops and the federal agencies to implement the order. Consequently, the United States President ordered all United States departments to collaborate with the military authorities’ implementation of order 9066 (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/). Moreover, the intentions of the order did not limit the current investigations of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. The bureau was investigating and weeding out possible saboteurs and spies from within the American communities having race relationships with the current United States war enemies. The bureau picked up and filed cases against proven Japanese spies and saboteurs (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/). Further, Executive order 9066 was issued during February of 1942. The document was made after Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese airplanes during December 7, 1941. The Japanese bomb ing during was two hours (Lassier 89). Even though the order did not mention whether the targeted civilians were Japanese, German, or Italian residents, the general interpretation of the order was to only focus on the Japanese people. This is understandable because of the recent bombing of Pearl Harbor (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/). As proof, the military started to forcibly rounding up and transfer the Japanese Americans within the designation military zones. Secretary of State ordered the Military Commander, Lt. General Dewitt, as the military commander of the Western Defense Command overseeing the implementation of Executive Order 9066 on February 20, 1942. The military prison zones were located in the western halves of California, Oregon, and Washington. Likewise, the Southern half of Arizona was set as another military prison zone. As proof that the military zones are prison camps, the Japanese were restricted to only moving within the military zones

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Poetry - Essay Example derives an inner meaning that asserts that rivers following their ancient paths with constant speed relate to human’s search for identity or progress. Langston Hughes uses free verse and the rhythm of a preacher to narrate the poem. Notably, Langston Hughes uses the repetition of words and phrases as seen at the beginning of every line. Most specifically, he repeats the word â€Å"I† in phrases like â€Å"I bathed,† â€Å"I looked,† â€Å"I built,† and â€Å"I heard† (Hughes 1). The repetition helps in deriving emphasis and relating the speaker with the narration. It is also clear that the speaker identifies himself with his ancestors by using different images to depict their historical, religious, and cultural significance (Hughes 1). We can identify the poet’s prowess and intellectual capacity where he relates the new generation with the rest of human civilization. The speaker’s reference to the four ancient rivers and Abe Lincoln presents the connection between the new generation and ancient human civilization (Hughes 1). In the 1920s, white Americans discriminated and viewed Black Americans as less humans as Hughes presents the aspect of historical equality in the poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers. The term soul in this poem symbolizes the black people, which is their identity (Bernath 10). Moreover, the term river shows that the subject in the poem belongs to a rootless, cosmopolitan identity that is very important, life bringing, and divided but unified in the great sea (Bernath 11). The poet connects the soul and the river to show the continuous journey that African-Americans go through as they seek to establish their identity. Indeed, the connection depicts the movement of the black people around the world, and the unifying experience of displacement where the Blacks belong to an endless and rootless world identity as seen in Euphrates—Western Asia, the Congo and the Nile—Africa, and Mississippi—North America (Bernath 11). Moreover, the speaker

Identifying a Problem and Developing a question Assignment

Identifying a Problem and Developing a question - Assignment Example Once a patient has a catheter placed in his or her system, the level of risk rises significantly to a daily incidence of 3-10% of bacteriuria. As such, nearly 10% to 30% of the patients that undergo short-term catheterization, between two to four days, develop bacteriuria, and similarly become asymptomatic. According to Friedman and Rhinehart (1999), nearly 90% to 100% of the patients who undergo long-term catheterization equally develop bacteriuria. Nearly 80% of nosocomial urinary tract infections relate to catheterization. Currently there is little knowledge about CA-UTIs judging with its vast prevalence, especially among the women. Urinary tract infection comes up through a number of complications, such as sexual intercourse, poor personal care, diabetes, bowel incontinence, pregnancy, problems emptying the bladder completely, and the blocked flow of urine, having a urinary catheter, as well as kidney stones. This problem is diverse across numerous places because of the lack of knowledge of the disease (Gould, 2014). Most health practitioners are usually unaware of the risks that may arise due to the patient’s long-term or short-term catheter usage. Consequently, this lack of information may promote the development and prevalence of the disease within the community. This possibility of an education deficit brings about more challenges to the treatment and management of the problem. The scope and impact of the problem is far worse than it projected because most of the cases are not always recorded. Elphern (2009) argues that the urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common nosocomial infections. In fact, CA-UTI accounts for nearly forty percent of the reported infections especially for patients under acute care hospitals (Elphern, 2009). In addition, nearly 80 percent of the UTIs are more associated with the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter. In most cases, a catheter associated UTI increases the

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay 1) Who is the target market for each of the following cars? What do you think motivates them to purchase these cars? A)Toyota Prius B)Toyota Prado The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric car which is one of the first of its kind to be mass produced and marketed. The unique feature of the Prius is its Hybrid Synergy Drive which makes use of both the traditional petrol driven engine and an electric motor. This electric motor allows the Prius to switch off its petrol engine when stationary; and recharge the electric motor using the kinetic energy produced when braking. This not only conserves a lot of energy and petrol, and also allows for a smoother drive in the city areas which tend to have greater road congestion. Toyota’s largest target market would be educated working adults in developed urbanised countries especially in the West where there is a subculture of environmental concerns and issues which are relatively more active compared with the rest of the world. Thus the educated working class in these countries would be attracted to the Prius’ energy and fuel savings, and automatic battery recharging which would not only be a lot more environmentally friendly, but would ensure a more smoothly-powered ride to work in a congested city morning. Furthermore, the affordability of the Prius as compared to other Toyota vehicles coupled with even greater cost savings on fuel – cuts fuel consumption by 40% is an added incentive for these environmentally conscious consumers as they might worry that specially designed green technology might be expensive One of the factors that could motivate these consumers to purchase the Prius is lifestyle. These consumers would be largely influenced by social needs which would in turn shape their own beliefs and attitudes. With the constant reminders of depleting energy resources and global warming in society today, people’s attitudes are changing as they become more willing to adopt new approaches to conserve energy – an environmentally friendly car for the purpose of travelling. Furthermore, as the target market’s lifestyle patterns would be to get to work efficiently and economically, they would want a car that is affordable. Hence these are the factors motivating them to purchase the Toyota Prius. 1b) The Toyota Prado is one of Toyota’s newest SUVs with a four wheel drive and a powerful engine that aims to give its driver an edge above the usual car. The main strengths of the Prado aside from its power is the spaciousness inside and also the stability of the vehicle. The main target market of the Prado would be the sports and outdoors inclined consumers. These buyers will be looking for a car that has enough space and gadgets to transport large sports equipment like bicycles, scuba-gear, surfing†¦ among others. Lifestyle is an influential factor in the buyer’s choice of car. An upper/middle working class executive might choose the Prius for its sleekness and elegance, whereas a buyer who spends much of his time in the outdoors would choose the Prado. The 4 wheel drive that is powered by a strong engine is a significant advantage for buyers who frequently travel on rough terrain. Also the enhanced control and traction that the Prado provides would allow for a smoother ride for the buyer on such ground. Another factor that could motivate these buyers is their own personalities or self-concepts. While some buyers might not be that involved in the outdoors or be so sports-inclined, they might want to portray a more rugged and masculine side of themselves. An example would be in Singapore where there is hardly any road conditions that require the all-terrain drive of a 4 wheel drive vehicle; however, SUVs are a common sight. These could be the manifestations of a psychological need of some buyers who feel a connection with the ‘tough’ and sporty image that a Prado would give. In conclusion, I can see how Toyota has successfully chosen its target markets and analysed their motivations to help them develop different types of cars to cater to each market. This would allow them to appeal to a greater share of the consumer pie, and hence might allow them to gain greater market share.

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay Example for Free

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay There are so many races of human all over the world; we have extensive variations of people, society, and culture. They say that in a given society the distinguishing factor of its people is culture then the culture defines the norms and beliefs. With these several factors alone we become exclusive, unique, and exceptional human beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture affects the way we behave, the way we perceive things, and the way we deal with certain situations. According to the social construction theory, culture produces the society exclusive ways to perceive things, express emotions and the way we experience them. However, there are aspects of emotion that are innate, and universal which means it is the same all across nations and societies and there are other aspects which are constructed by the society in different ways and by different cultures. American culture, norms and beliefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States, generally speaking, is a liberated country; our culture is totally different from other nation’s culture. Nowadays, American culture has been spread globally. Many of other nation’s culture have been influenced by America but others remain constant with what culture they have. Say for example, after turning eighteen a child is allowed to separate from his parents and he or she can live alone. Unlike in other cultures, most especially in the continent of Asia, they practice extended families. This kind of culture of ours is effective expressing our rights as human beings who are given free will to do what we want to do but in other culture they do not consider it as good as the way we do. When I know I am right I tell my mother my insights; this is just an expression of my freedom. I have the freedom to say what I really feel but not in a manner which would offend my mother or any other person I am talking with. Something is normal when you do the right thing for the right case or moment. We, as human beings of any society would weep when someone that is dear to us dies but for some society this is not right. While for us and other societies it is normal to grieve for death of someone Chinese’s don’t believe in this, they just pay people who would weep for them because they believe that weeping is not good. American music   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music is one of the most influential cultures that America has been affecting. I am fond of listening to rock and ballad or RNB and pop music. I guess the reason behind this is the kind of society I live with. We have been the nation which has produced many influential and popular music and musicians in which most of them are doing pop or RNB. We influence other societies with our kind of music that’s why pop and RNB are now listened to by people all over the world. Most teenagers in other societies are very fond of this kind of music. I think beat makes the music good to hear even though some of its lyrics are censored. However, this kind of music somehow makes people wild most; it influences kids and most especially the teenagers. American attitude and behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can say I am a competitive person. I guess that it comes from the society’s culture because we are known to be competitive globally; our attitude towards progress is very positive. We are optimistic in nature and we perceive things in a positive way. We identify mistakes positively and we do not take it against ourselves. I am also a risk taker, with regards to optimism I often take risks though I know that there are several factors that would make my decisions worse. I often decide on things even though I don’t know how high the level of success is because I know that somehow I have taken my chance. American’s are very competitive that’s why it was one of the first countries who have been industrialized all over the world. We often innovate because we are not satisfied with what we have because we know that there can be better. I don’t settle for something that is less, as well as any other American citizen’s because I know that I can do better and I can have a better thing. Another thing I can say about myself that I have gained from my culture is that I am independent. This is a positive culture because at an early age I have learned not to ask money from my parents if I wanted to buy something for myself. For most societies other than mine the children are dependent of their parents not until they are married or until they finished their degree and find a job to support themselves with what they need. Emotions The previous American culture nowadays also influence a person’s way regarding on how they express their emotions; for example: when I get angry or mad about something, I tend to listen to a music which is loud and expresses deepest anger or those songs which are seemingly rebellious. Other people on the contrary tend to drink excessive alcohol beverages till they get sober and forget whatever they are worrying about. In general, culture primarily imposes its strong influence towards people’s behavior; the way they think, the way they perceive things, and the way they deal with matters and situations. Culture also strongly influences the society’s way of expressing their feelings and emotions.

Compare cpu scheduling of linux and windows

Compare cpu scheduling of linux and windows ACKNOWLEGMENT I mohd sharique ansari of B tech-M Tech (CSE) would like to thank my teacher of numerical analysis Mr. RK Gupta who helped me throughout the development of this paper in best possible way. I would like appreciate the dedication and sincerity of my teacher for his guidance without whom this paper would not been possible. At last I would like to thank all my friends for their support. INTRODUCTION CPU SCHEDULING: Scheduling basically deals with the selection of a process that exists in the memory and ready to execute. The selected process is allocated with the CPU. This function is performed by the CPU scheduler. The CPU scheduler makes a sequence of â€Å"moves† that determines the interleaving of threads. Programs use synchronization to prevent â€Å"bad moves†. †¦but otherwise scheduling choices appear (to the program) to be nondeterministic. The schedulers moves are dictated by a scheduling policy. A general overview of the scheduling is depicted by the below representation: Windows process scheduling 1) Windows 3.1 xs used a non-preemptive scheduler, meaning that it did not interrupt programs. It relied on the program to end or tell the OS that it didnt need processor so that it could move on to another process. This is usually called cooperative multitasking. Windows 95 introduced a rudimentary preemptive scheduler; however, for legacy support opted to let 16 bit applications run without preemption 2) NT-based versions of Windows use a CPU scheduler based on a multilevel feedback queue, with 32 priority levels defined. It is intended to meet the following design requirements for multimode systems: Give preference to short jobs. Give preference to I/O bound processes. Quickly establish the nature of a process and schedule the process accordingly. All processes receive a priority boost after a wait event, but processes that have experienced a keyboard I/O wait get a larger boost than those that have experienced a disk I/O wait. â€Å"Foreground† processes given higher priority. 3) Windows XP uses a quantum-based, preemptive priority scheduling algorithm. The scheduler was modified in Windows Vista to use the cycle counter register of modern processors to keep track of exactly how many CPU cycles a thread has executed, rather than just using an interval-timer interrupt routine. Linux Process Scheduling From versions 2.6 to 2.6.23, the kernel used an O (1) scheduler. The Completely Fair Scheduler is the name of a task scheduler which was merged into the 2.6.23 release of the Linux kernel. It handles CPU resource allocation for executing processes, and aims to maximize overall CPU utilization while maximizing interactive performance. It uses that uses red-black trees instead of queues. Two classes of processes: real-time (soft deadlines) timesharing algorithm Normal process scheduling uses a prioritized, preemptive, credit-based policy: Scheduler always chooses process with the most credits to run. On each timer interrupt one credit is deducted until zero is reached at which time the process is preempted. If no ready process then all credits for a process calculated as credits = credits/2 + priority. This approach favors I/O bound processes which do not use up their credits when they run. The Round Robin and FIFO scheduling algorithms are used to switch between real-time processes Windows is by far the most popular proprietary personal computer operating system, while Linux is the most prominent free software operating system. Windows Linux 1)Process a)Address space, handle table, statistics and at least one thread b)No inherent parent/child relationship 1) Process is called a Task a)Basic Address space, handle table, statistics b)Parent/child relationship c)Basic scheduling unit 2) Threads a) Basic scheduling unit b) Fibers cooperative user-mode threads 2) Threads a)No threads per-se b)Tasks can act like Windows threads by sharing handle table, PID and address space c)P-Threads cooperative user-mode threads 3)windowing Windows has a kernel-mode Windowing subsystem. 3)windowing Linux has a user-mode X-Windowing system. 4)Two scheduling classes a)â€Å"Real time† (fixed) priority 16-31 b) Dynamic priority 1-15 4)Has 3 scheduling classes a)Normal priority 100-139 b)Fixed Round Robin priority 0-99 c)Fixed FIFO priority 0-99 5)Higher priorities are favored a) Priorities of dynamic threads get boosted on wakeups b)Thread priorities are never lowered 5)Lower priorities are favored a) Priorities of normal threads go up (decay) as they use CPU b)Priorities of interactive threads go down (boost) 6)Most threads run in variable priority levels a)Priorities 1-15; b)A newly created thread starts with a base priority c)Threads that complete I/O operations experience priority boosts (but never higher than 15) d)A threads priority will never be below base priority 6)Most threads use a dynamic priority policy a)Normal class similar to the classic UNIX scheduler b)A newly created thread starts with a base priority c)Threads that block frequently (I/O bound) will have their priority gradually increased d)Threads that always exhaust their time slice (CPU bound) will have their priority gradually decreased 7)The Windows API function SetThreadPriority() sets the priority value for a specified thread a)This value, together with the priority class of the threads process, determines the threads base priority level b)Windows will dynamically adjust priorities for non-real-time threads 7)â€Å"Nice value† sets a threads base priority a)Larger values = less priority, lower values = higher priority b)Valid nice values are in the range of -20 to +20 c)Non-privileged users can only specify positive nice value 8) Real time scheduling in windows. Windows xp supports static round-robin scheduling policy for threads with priorities in real-time range (16-31) a) Threads run for up to one quantum. b) Quantum is reset to full turn on preemption. c) Priorities never get boosted. 9) RT threads can starve important system services such as CSRSS.EXE Se-Increase Base Priority Privilege is required to elevate a threads priority into real-time range. 8) Real time scheduling in Linux. Linux supports two static priority scheduling policies: Round-robin and FIFO (first in, first out) a) Selected with the sched-setscheduler( ) system call b) Use static priority values in the range of 1 to 99 c) Executed strictly in order of decreasing static priority 9) RT threads can easily starve lower-priority threads from executing Root privileges or the CAP-SYS-NICE capability are required for the selection of a real-time scheduling policy 10) Some System calls and DPC/APC handling can cause priority inversion 10) Long running system calls can cause priority-inversion 11) Scheduling timeslices in windows The thread time slice (quantum) is 10ms-120ms a)When quanta can vary, has one of 2 values 11) Scheduling timeslices in Linux. The thread quantum is 10ms-200ms a)Default is 100ms b)Varies across entire range based on priority, which is based on interactivity level 12) Windows NT has always had an O (1) scheduler based on pre-sorted thread priority queues. 12) The Linux 2.4 scheduler is O(n) If there are 10 active tasks, it scans 10 of them in a list in order to decide which should execute next This means long scans and long durations under the scheduler lock 13) In windows (vista sp1) the time-slice varies -manual (user setting, window boost) as well as automatic (window boost). 13) In Linux 2.6.28 the time-slice does not vary- manual(user setting, window boost) and automatic (window boost). 14) In windows (vista sp1) CPU partitioning is not possible. 14) In Linux 2.6.28 CPU partitioning (CPU sets) is possible. 15) Scheduler load balancing is not possible. 15) Scheduler load balancing is possible.

Essay example --

Thorfinn Karlsefni Exploring North America (980-1000’s): Thorfinn Karlsefni and his Scandinavian crew filled a ship with 65 men and 5 men in compliance to share the different goods found within the discovered lands. The crew arrived at Leifs-Booths discovering cattle, food, and other resourceful commodities, which they collected. Then set a sail they discovered a group of people known as â€Å"Skrellings† whom were found in Greenland. The colossal bulls in this new territory scared the cattle from Karlsefni’s ship. Both Karlsefni’s crew and the Skrellings were terrified by the anarchy and were trying to survive. However, not knowing each other’s language made the survival techniques that much more difficult, but eventually both were able to trade merchandises with each other. Thorfinn’s and his wife Gudrid son was later born. Eventually the Scandanivian colonists met no other people and left Vinland to return to Greenland. (137 Words) Europe’s Recovery in the 1400’s: Europe dealt with many burdening issues during the late 1300’s such as the Black Death and had also felt threatened by superior powers’ (Muslims) whom were wealthy, obtained advanced technology, and had overall supremacy. However, many European leaders still traded with Turkish and Muslim markets for valuable goods. Although the European leaders tried to find an alternative route they found that the publication of books would help assist fellow citizens to understand the history and disadvantages they had with the Far East. Undoubtedly the Europeans became more educated. Finally, the Prince Ferdinand and Queen Isabella defeated a Muslim principality in order to gain leadership and ultimately create Spain. Spain was more than accepting of the Italian immigrants. This app... ... slaves for the Spaniards. (158 Words) Hernan Cortes and the Conquistadores-(1500-1600’s): The conquistadores were known to privately enterprise different military leaders in order to make a profit. One of the more popular conquistadores Hernan Cortes was a leader of the Spanish Conquistadores. There were many different rankings, which established the wealth and value of each conquistador. This ranged from either an extremely wealthy noble man to poor, gambling slaves. Cortes was an officer from a lower class stance but in time he was able to attain an entire population of the valley â€Å"Oaxaca† to follow his rule. Having such governance Cortes was then able to lead an expedition, which nearly abolished the Aztec Empire. This expedition changed many less wealthy Spaniards perception into making them want to work harder and obtain more value in society. (124 Words)

The Importance of the Requiem in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sa

The Importance of the Requiem in Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play, Death of a Salesman, the final chapter is titled "Requiem" instead of "Epilogue".  Ã‚   The definition of Requiem in' The concise Oxford dictionary' is a special Mass for repose of souls of the dead'. The Requiem serves as a tribute to Willy Loman. Sympathy is evoked and reasons for his behavior are given. Charley gives the central speech-' Nobody dast blame this man. A salesman has got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory.' Any blame or anger at Willy is counteracted. It echoes Linda earlier in the play' But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid.' It is made absolutely certain that Willy is sympathized with rather than cursed. Though Biff criticizes Willy and argues with him, he still respects him and is compassionate-'A fine, troubled prince. A hard-working, unappreciated prince'.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dramatic car crash at the end of the previous scene would be a violent ending, and would leave us with many questions. Before he kills himself it looks like things are on their way to getting better, as if Willy realizes the importance of himself in the family. We can see that Willy is killing himself to help Biff-' Can you imagine that magnificence with twenty thousand dollars in his pocket?'. Its ironic that Willy commits suicide to further Biff's career when it serves to finish it, but it convinces Happy, the son who was always second best, to carry on like his father. We know that Biff has no need for the money, as the things he appreciates in life are free. He thinks that his family will be thankful-' Ben, he'll worship me for it!' when we know they won't. Without the Requiem we wouldn't know how th... ...ma. 36 (1993): 443-453. Eisinger, Chester E. "Focus on Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman': The Wrong Dreams," in American Dreams, American Nightmares, (1970 rpt In clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1976 vol. 6:331 Florio, Thomas A., ed. â€Å"Miller’s Tales.† The New Yorker.   70 (1994): 35-36. Foster, Richard J. (Confusion and Tragedy: The Failure of Miller's 'Salesman' (1959) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26:316 Gardner, R. H. ("Tragedy of the Lowest Man," in his Splintered Stage: (1965) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 2l6:320 Hayashi, Tetsumaro.   Arthur Miller Criticism.   Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1969. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965. ---.   Eight Plays.   New York:   Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

Information Systems Increases Revenue Essay

According to a research project completed by CFO Research Services, a Senior Vice President of a large U. S-based global services firm stated, â€Å"The CFO should always allow IT organization to innovate, to experiment, and [should] understand that there is financial risk associated with innovation. Not every IT investment will have an ROI, but allowing IT to be thought leaders is imperative in today’s evolving technology landscape. † Therefore, technology and IT is central to building relationships with customers’ thereby increasing revenue for the company. The research project also noted that business intelligence, mobility, and cloud computing will be the most important technologies for business over the next three years. Using technology is difficult in today because it is constantly evolving. According to the research conducted by CFO Research Services, it states that â€Å"old models based on enterprise silos are giving way to a new hybrid – business technology – as IT organizations, finance functions, and business operations alike acknowledge you can’t have one without the other. By increasing the integration of advance technology to its fullest potential a company can accurately and effectively meet the customer’s needs and operate efficiently, thereby increase revenue. In order for companies to build relationships with their customers they must be able to gain the customers trust. According to Jean-Pierre Lauzier of Jean-Pierre Lauzier Communications, â€Å"trust is based on a feeling, in impression or a perception – meaning something intangible – and is not based on anything rational or logical. Studies have shown that 15% of a customer’s trust in [a company] comes from the [company’s] technical competency, and 85% from the [company’s] human qualities†¦ To build trust it must be natural and authentic. † In order for a company to effectively build trust with a customer they have to make the customer feel that they know them and are sincerely interested in helping them. One great way for a company to do this is through the use of Customer Relationship Management software (CRM). According to Dr. Ruth N Bolton, â€Å"CRM is a strategic approach concerned with creating improved shareholder value through the development of appropriate relationships with key customers and customer segments. CRM unites the potential of relationship marketing strategies and IT [information technology] to create profitable, long-term relationships with customers and other key stakeholders. CRM provides enhanced opportunities to use data and information to both understand customers and co-create value with them. This requires a cross-functional integration of processes, people, operations and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology and applications. † Therefore it is the CRM system that makes it possible for a company to effectively and efficiently communicate with any number of customers so that each customer feels unique. At a high level companies interact with their customer in four ways: Strategic Marketing, Pricing and Revenue Optimization, Tactical Marketing, and Customer Experience Management. Successful companies are efficient and effective in all four categories. Customer Relationship Management software make this possible. CRM provide detailed information about a customer’s interactions with the company as well as analytical information geared to enable the company to successfully provide tactical marketing and enhance the customer experience. They do this by allowing a company to track and record all of the customer’s interaction with the company so that the company can customize their interaction with the customer based on the customer’s previous behavior. According to a Computerworld survey in 1996, companies implement CRM systems in order to 1) increase customer retention, 2) respond to competitive pressures and 3) improve customer service. CRM systems are able to also reduce company costs by reducing employees time spent with customers by eliminating repetitive tasks that might be required if the company did not have a CRM system. For example, when a customer is transferred from one customer service representative to another the CRM system would transfer all customer information and conversation notes so that the employee does not have to waste time asking all the same questions that the first representative asked before being able to attempt to help the customer. However, CRM’s primary focus is to create higher revenue by helping companies build a larger percentage of loyal customers through the use of building trust and relationships with their current and future customers. Acquiring new customers is extremely costly for a company. Surveys have shown that it could cost a company six times more to acquire a new customer than to keep a current customer. Not only that, but if a company is able to build a loyal customer base those loyal customers are worth much more than their own personal purchase volume. A loyal customer is likely to share their experience with others about companies that they are very loyal to and have a close relationship with. Therefore, the company is able to acquire repeat sales to the current customer and able to obtain new customers without any additional cost required to try to attract a new sales and customers. In addition, it has also been shown that it is 16 times easier to sell to an existing customer than it is to sell to a new prospective customer. Therefore, CRM systems recognize the long-run value in potential and current customers. Building customer relationships also require companies to communicate effectively with customers in a multitude of different methods. In today’s environment people are constantly connected and on the go. Companies need to be able to meet the customer’s needs when and how the customer want their needs met. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to offer multiple avenues for customers to communicate with them. Some of those methods include the ways for the older generation such as via the telephone and letters know now days as â€Å"snail mail†. However new technology methods are now being required such as through the company’s website, e-mail, and Social Customer Relationship Management system (SCRM). According to Chris Bucholtz of CRM Outsiders, Social Customer Relationship Management is â€Å"the response of businesses to the advent of social media and the eager adoption of the new communications channels by B2B [Business to Business] and B2C [Business to Customer] buyers alike. It creates a new environment for customer conversations, a new opportunity to learn about customers, and a new opportunity to engage, build peer-to-peer relationships and strengthen brand perception. † He goes on to state that SCRM is more of a strategy than a process or product. It can include many different technology platforms and tools. CRM is the foundation of SCRM and not a replacement for CRM. A company must have a good CRM in place in order to effectively utilize SCRM. According to Bucholtz, the definition of Social CRM â€Å"is a philosophy and a business strategy, supported by a technology platform, business rules, workflow, processes and social characteristics, designed to engage the customer in a collaborative conversation in order to provide mutually beneficial value in a trusted and transparent business environment. It’s the company’s response to the customer’s ownership of the conversation. This definition simply states that it is about people (customers) interacting with people (businesses) and not people (customers) interacting with machines. Due to new technology and people having unique styles of communication, SCRM is about businesses using social media in order to best meet the needs of the customers in the best style of communication for each unique customer. Social media comprises of various online technology tools and can include: text, audio, video, podcasts, and various social media channels such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Google+. Social Media can increase revenue and growth of a company by 60% versus only 8% for companies that do not use social media, according to Daya Baran on PRWeb. com. The article goes on to state that â€Å"consumers are spending more time and conducting more business online and businesses that have incorporated social media are reaping the benefits as they are gaining visibility with the consumer across the entire online purchase cycle. Social media technologies are fundamentally changing the sales, marketing and operations process. It is redefining the way businesses acquire customers, generate leads, creates competitive differentiation, customer response, branding and manage crisis. † Therefore, Social CRM’s aim is to enhance the customer’s experience and relationship thereby building loyalty with the company. And as we have already discussed, a customer’s loyalty is worth much more than their customers’ individual value thus increasing revenue for the company. Another customer relationship building mechanism is Customer Experience Management. The e-zine, Customer Experience Exchange, states that companies sometime have a hard time seeing what they look like in the customer’s eyes therefore companies have to invest in technology tools to inject that accurate outside-in view from customers. In the past, companies spent much effort on ensuring the share holders were happy rather than customers. Now with new social media outlets customers are able to make themselves heard to companies much easier than ever before. Take for example the recent backlash that millions of Bank of America customers showed when Bank of America announced they were going to implement a new $5. 0 debit card fee. Never before have we seen customers be able to so quickly pull together and force big corporations to think twice before acting. Bank of America was in jeopardy of losing over 300,000 customers if they did not listen closely. Another company that needed to listen to their customers was Netflix. Netflix issued a price increase of 60% to subscribers that wanted both online streaming of movies and home DVD’s. This cause Netflix to lose more than 200,000 subscribers which in turn made Netflix CEO offer a public apology to customers and eliminate their original plan of separating the two companies. With all this being said, it can be seen how imperative it is to a company to be able to attentively listen to their customers. Without an attentive ear and without a company being focused on Customer Experience Management, a company will have difficulty growing and increasing revenue. Anna Fiorentino, of Customer Experience Exchange stated that in order to develop the best customer experience through CEM systems companies not only need to listen as shown in the Bank of America and Netflix examples, but they must also measure and monitor customer conversations and feedback. Through the use of CRM systems a company is able to analyze customer satisfaction. She stated that Coca Cola, Inc. established a customer reward system called My Coke Rewards. This system enables Coca Cola, Inc. the ability to not only listen to their customers but to also measure customer satisfaction and â€Å"deliver real time results creating value for its members as well as internal and external partners. † Kaitlyn Dennihy a strategist at Engauge, the social media agency of record for My Coke Rewards states, â€Å"Measurement is key. Translating business goals into measurable actions within social has allowed us to track the impact of our communities as well as manage and exceed expectations for the social space. Every content piece in social must include a call to action for the user that can be measured. My Coke Rewards provides insight into areas such as customer service, product merchandising and exclusivity. † ING Direct, an online-centric bank that is part of Netherlands-based ING, also believes that meeting customer needs is the basis for creating a thriving social media campaign. ING Direct was able to increase their evenue by listening to online consumer conversations with the help of a program called Radian6. Radian6 is a social media monitoring platform that allows companies the ability to know what’s being said about their brands, industries and competitors online, but to also help them measure, analyze and report on their social CRM efforts. There are many tools on the market now that provide business the ability to obtain statistical information on company website visitors, Google analytics for summarizing search trends, as well as the ability to summarize searches for tweets known as text mining. Radian6 tells companies such as ING Direct who is saying what and whether customers are communicating through a news site or blog and what percentage of influence the customer will have on the company based on web traffic. Gloria Chik, social media lead at ING Direct stated, â€Å"If we get a client complaint, it’s been fantastic to get a full profile of that person. † Companies should be prudent in privacy issues when handling confidential client financial information, making sure to look at each client complaint or compliment individually. No matter what method companies use to track return on investment on Customer Relationship Management, one thing is certain, business must focus on providing excellent customer satisfaction and when faced with unsatisfied customers they must listen. Without satisfied customers a company will have a much more difficult and sometimes impossible climb toward growth and increased revenue. In todays technologically advance world business must constantly be evolving in order to meet the customers’ needs. No longer are businesses able to simply dictate what customers will pay for a product or service. With the today’s generation companies must be diligent in building strong lasting relationships with their customers. Business should look at their customers’ relationships like a marriage. Just as in a marriage a couple must communicate and listen to each other so should a business communicate and listen to their customers. When a company does this they will be able to reap the rewards by having increased revenue and growth. In order to reap these rewards companies must effectively utilize a CRM system and also incorporate SCRM as well as a myriad of other platforms such as mobile apps, mobile websites, QR Codes and much more. By utilizing technology business are able to develop stronger customer relationships by knowing the customer better. Research Comments When I started this research project I struggled at first trying to find enough information on the subject I had chosen. However, once I got started and finally developed an outline and thought process as to what I was going to talk about, I was able to find all kinds of information. Some of the websites listed below were uncovered during the research phase but not necessarily used. Some of the websites were not used because I found the information redundant and others had to be eliminated due to the need for limiting material so that it did not go over the stated maximum for the paper.

Occupational Therapist

Taylor Reed Career Report My preferred career choice is an Occupational Therapist; however this would not have been the case in the beginning of the year. In the beginning of this year I came to the conclusion that veterinary medicine Is the career for me, mostly because I love animals. As I researched more about becoming a veterinarian I found that It's not a DOD fit for me. I'm still considering It as a possibility however. When I researched Occupational Therapist I could Immediately see myself In this career. As an Occupational Therapist you can work with all age groups Including kids.When Occupational Therapists work with kids they usually play games with them to help them develop faster. This career Is right for me because I would hate a career that required you to do the same thing every day I like change and kids. Now I'm having a hard time deciding which career Is better for me. Category's: Veterinarian Occupational Therapist Responsibilities (Typical Day) I * Diagnose and tr eat animals * Perform yearly checkups by recording temperature and weight * Inspects the animal's mouth, eyes, ears, and skin. * Discuss animal behavior, eating, sleeping, ND exercise. Vaccinations I * Help clients learn or relearn the skills necessary to care for themselves. * Work with children with physical or developmental challenges * Work with individuals who are recovering from substance abuse problems, the elderly premature infants. * Evaluate, progress reports, staff notes, daily treatment notes, billing statements, and discharge notices. I Work Environment I * Indoors/outdoors * Private practice * Research Laboratory * Military I * Indoors * Hospitals * Nursing Homes * Schools * RehabilitationCenters I Education and Training I *A 4 year study, doesn't require a bachelors degree. * 45-90 hours of undergraduate study. * Competitive * Veterinary Aptitude Test * Medical college admission test * Graduate record examination. I * Required: Bachelor's * Recommended: Masters * Inte rnship * National Certification Examination I Skills I * Computer Skills * Communication Skills * Writing Skills * Observation Skills I *Observation Skills * Computer Skills * Writing Skills * Communication Skills * Listening Skills * Academic Skills IAdvancement I * Experience * Expanding Practice I * Earn a higher degree * Expanding Practice I Employment Outlook I * Very Good I *Very Good I starting salary I *About $50,000 * Max: $145,000 | *About $65,000 * Max: $80,000 | What I learned I I learned that pharmaceutical companies hire Veterinarians to check pet foods and make sure they are healthy for that animal and not harmful. I I learned that Occupational Therapists can work In schools. I had no Idea prior to my research that schools hired Occupational Therapists to work with the hillier with developmental tattletales.I From my data I can conclude that veterinarians are people that work very hard and are very dedicated to what they do. Becoming a veterinarian takes a lot to nard work and a lot of dedication. I can also conclude from this data that occupational therapists are people that truly care for others. They are also very dedicated and it takes a lot of patients to help people with disabilities like they do on a daily bases. Lastly I can conclude from my data that veterinary medicine is not the career path for me.The amount of schooling that it takes in order to become a vet would be too much for me. I now know that occupational therapy is the right career pathway for me. I love helping people and I am very patient, I believe this career is the right one for me. In order to prepare myself for this career I must first take the Stats. I also have to continue studying and keeping up my grades. My short-term goal is to graduate high school with in the top 5% of my class. My long term goal is to graduate college with a master's degree in occupational therapy.

Separating Selected Metal Cations

Chemistry 266 Dominick Armstrong 10/10/2012 Acid-Base Titration Introduction Acid and bases are two important classes of compounds that react to form a salt and water. When mixing acids and bases a precise amount of the base must be added in order to reach the equivalence point. At this point, one reactant has been exactly consumed by the addition of the other reactant. When performing chemical reactions chemist use a process called titration to determine the equivalence point of the reaction.Once the equivalence point is known then chemist can correctly determine the amount the concentration of the acid and the base. In this experiment acid-base titration will be used to determine the concentration of HCl at equilibrium when it reacts with the NaOH H+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- >H2O(l) + Na+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) Procedure When performing this experiment one must first obtain and wear goggles. Next add 40mL of distilled water to a 100mL beaker, then add 5. 00mL of HCl to the beaker. T hen obtain 40mL of 0. 1M NaOH.Place the NaOH in a 60mL reagent reservoir and drain a small amount into a 250mL beaker to fill the tip. Connect the Ph sensor to the LabQuest and set up the drop counter. Then calibrate the titrant by adjusting the reservoir tip to and letting the NaOH slowly drain into a graduated cylinder until 9 or 1o ml has been recorded. After the LabQuest has been calibrated discard the solution. The assemble the titration apparatus as shown in the picture below. Place the HCl solution onto the magnetic stirrer and slowly titrate the NaOH into the solution.Start the data collection to calculate the volume of NaOH is added when the solution reaches its equivalence point. Then right down the calculations and disassemble the apparatus. Discussion My lab group and I completed this experiment doing two trials. We found that both trials were concluded with similar results. In trial 1 we found that the volume of NaOH added to the solution was 4. 01ml before the largest pH increase, and 4. 05mL after. We calculated the volume at the equivalence point to be 4. 03mL. We found there were 4. 3Ãâ€"10-4 moles of NaOH and 4. 03Ãâ€"10-4 moles of HCl. Then we calculated the concentration of the HCl to be . 08 moles per liter. In trial 2 we found 4. 951mL of NaOH was added before the increase and 4. 992mL after. The volume at the equivalence point was 4. 971mL. There were 4. 971Ãâ€"10-4 moles of HCl and 4. 971Ãâ€"10-4 moles of NaOH. The concentration of HCl was found to be . 094 moles per liter. We found the average concentration to be . 08971M. Although the results of both trial in the experiment were similar the results were not exactly the same.The mistake may have come from an error in measuring the HCl and distilled water. More HCl may have been added because we did not have an accurate pipet bulb. We used a graduated cylinder to add the HCl, and may have had a more or less HCl than what was needed in the experiment. Conclusion The results of this e xperiment show that titration is an effective way to find the concentration of reactants in an acid base reaction. Using the titration helped my group accurately calculate the volume of NaOH that was added to the solution, and helped us to correctly determine the correct concentrations.

Singin in the Rain

Jenna Zeringo Singin’ in the Rain In 1952 Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen directed MGM’s musical comedy â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain†. Fifty five years later in 2007 it ranked number five on the American Film Institute list of â€Å"List of Greatest Films†. It’s evocative to Americans and is generally considered the best Hollywood musical film; it was not a Broadway production until several years later. Gene Kelly not only directed the classic but he also choreographed and starred in it as Don Lockwood. Debbie Reynolds played the part of Lockwood’s love interest Kathy Selden. Major roles included Donald O’Connor as Gene’s best friend and pianist Cosmo Brown and Jean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Based in 1920’s before sound was available to moving pictures the basis of the romantic musical comedy was about turning a film into a â€Å"talkie†, essentially a film with sound. Don Lockwood plays opposite Lina Lamont in the big screen, but her harsh tacky articulation just didn’t cut it in the recording booth. Kathy Selden, a chorus girl Lockwood met in two extraordinary instances is given the chance to dub over Lina with her singing voice and in secret make a musical. Lockwood and Kathy eventually fall in love. There are many elements that brought this film together. The musical aspect of the era it was produced was said to be cheerful, delightful and light hearted. Songs ranging from titles like â€Å"Make ‘Em Laugh† to â€Å"Moses Supposes† to â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain†. The songs also went hand in hand with the dancing. The tap dancing style choreography with the elements of real life tie in an amusingly â€Å"harder than it looks† way. When Gene Kelly is actually singing in the rain it seems like there’s a monsoon pouring on his elaborate footwork. There is also a slapstick comedy portrayed throughout the movie, physical sense of humor, and playful jesting. All of these elements transpired the picture to be as famous and well liked as it was and still is. It has all of the things an audience interested in musicals wants. It shows fun in secrets, romance, portrayed as hard to get, sly humor and witty jokes. All with such enthusiasm. Even today pop culture refers to it in formality and humor. Ultimately it is the most famous musical of Hollywood and will remain that way, because it’s classic.

Attending a Performance of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra

The performance I participated in was Prometheus' s prelude, the performances of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra, Beethoven 's performance, Kodari orchestra' s performance, Italian Harold 's performance, Berlioz' s performance. I think that the orchestra is hosted by David Currie, and overall it worked out very well. The stages and the stages on both sides of the stage were lit up brightly and the musicians arranged semicircles around the podium. Strings in the back row are attached to risers and high stools. The first concert I participated was by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra performed Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7, Leningrad from the romantic era. The orchestra is a large orchestra (1) containing various instruments that contribute to the overall sound of the instrument. Since the orchestra is a big orchestra like a musical instrument that is common in romantic times, the orchestra can be full of activity, perhaps vibrant (2). The orchestra has changed a bit ... Read more General reaction: The concert I participated is SPX Magic for Christmas by Charlotte Symphony Orchestra by Albert-George Schram director. This is the first professional orchestral concert I participated and the first concert I studied at UNC Greensboro. When I was walking down the street in downtown Charlotte, the wind blew my face and small raindrops were thrown into the air. It looks like Christmas. As a music major at the University of California at Berkeley, I was lucky enough to participate in the concert of the UCB Symphony Orchestra for free. I often participate in the performance and regularly study the music and history related to the orchestra performance, but I will never be surprised by the complexity and beauty of that orchestra. Not only is this instrument completely harmonious, it synchronizes speed and dynamics to create great performance. Listening to these wonderful musicians is almost impossible to believe that such playing is coincidence or coincidence. Comp osers and musicians did not throw random notes in the air, but randomly scattered them into the music staff. Instead, each instrument is precisely adjusted to 440 Hz, and each musician follows certain notes and descriptions of a particular musical score. These memos were written by the composers with contemplation and planning, and the composer may work for these masterpieces for months or years.

Film or Play Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film or Play - Movie Review Example In order to avoid Antonia and Alonzo, he proceeds to create his own kingdom in a remote island in Greek with Miranda, Aretha, his mistress, and Kalibanos, a goat herder and the only inhabitant on the island before Philip arrives. On this magical island with surreally beautiful scenery, the obsession of Philip unfolds. His exercise of power affects the agency of characters who are already marginalized by their race, gender, and social status. In addition, Philip’s character also serves as a critique of an upper-middle class male who occupies a high social status but is oppressed by people who possess even more wealth and social capital that him. Unlike Shakespeare’s Prospero, the protagonist of the film Philip, performed by John Cassavetes is portrayed as a miserable middle-aged man who is tired of his career and social life. On the other hand, his employer Alonzo is extremely upbeat and ambitious, even though he appears to be much older than Philip. Instead of having an Antonio figure in the film to rebel against the protagonist, Mazursky chooses to transform that character into Antonia. This is an interesting move that will affect the audience’s feeling towards Philip as Antonia is a loyal but frustrated wife instead of an antagonistic character, the audience is less likely to be sympathetic towards Philip. Antonia’s hair style and clothing highlights her confidence and femininity, which seems to intimidate Philip. Another interesting female character in the film is Aretha, the Ariel figure in Shakespeare’s original play. She dons an airy white and half transparent gown throughout the whole mov ie, complementing the serenity of the island. Here Mazursky once again plays on the idea of masculinity and femininity. Philip explicitly refuses to have sex with Aretha without explaining the reason. It seems that Philip remains insecure about his power as a man after being oppressed and cheated respectively by Alonzo

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic Essay

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic governance - Essay Example In essence, one can establish that public organizations have highly static organizational structures more often than not mandated by a statute. Because of this static nature, leaders of public organizations are prone to be weak and lacking in discretion; this is used to explain the traditional leadership theory where employees or subordinates respond to the influence of little discretion employed by their leaders. Similarly, because of the seniority basis of reward systems public administration will older managers often take more up. These older managers are seen to exercise little discretion since they operate in different environmental contexts from their private sector counterparts, where environmental contexts are differentiated by market forces and interaction with legislations and legislatures (Pacek, 2010). It has been found that there is a dichotomy between public administration and politics where this has been evidenced by the fact that the division of authority and labour is branched out into between administrative and elected officials, which raises the planning ability along with democratic ability among public administrators. It is crucial to establish the relation that lies between public administration and politics as it has important implications on the institutional development as well as intellectual identity of public administration. One finding into this dichotomous relationship suggests that politics and public administration are two distinct, separate issues. This outlook defines politics as being about making policies, a process that encompasses a set of activities involving value choices. Public administration, on the other hand, is seen as a tool for interpreting articulated policies into actual outcomes through the application of dedicated skills and knowledge, forma lly referred to as administrative knowledge. In essence, politics serves up the duties for public administration but should not be

Playwright discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Playwright discussion - Assignment Example It is thus the investigators’ strong assertions that no reputable or successful author will create a story not embedded on a blueprint otherwise disjointed and unstable stories will be arguably inevitable hence attracting reviewers to rip such works to shreds. Based on Lenny Bruce’s Comedy gold Performance, the significant of playwright is revealed with respect to its unique and legacy set up. This performance managed to override other performance culminating to ‘standup comedy’. It is embedded on a proactive blueprint making it organized putting ideas cohesively peddled by some problematic guy on stage and cornered at deadlock with the establishment and solely has his wits as the weapon. Bruce climax is interesting as he is delighted by Carnegie Hall being in his palm, being funny with respect to marriage and brilliantly offers poised introduction to political philosophy. Its working playwright has allowed his ideas not to be disjointed and being stable compared to Living Colour’s,’Cult of Personality.’ In a snapshot, playwright is the blueprint that drives story development layers upon layers to weed out chances of disjointed stories and lack of basis for

Latinos films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Latinos films - Essay Example The Latino community has been faced with numerous problems ranging from labor problems to social problems. This can be rooted to the fact that the community is considered as a minority race in the United States alongside other races like the African Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans among other minority races. Like others races which had these kinds of problems, there are some movies which have been produced to highlight the problems of the Latino community in the United States. This paper will look into some of these movies and highlight the problems that have been highlighted in these movies. One of the movies that have been produced to highlight the plight of the Latino community is movie titled, 'The Fight in the Fields.' The Fight in the Fields is a Latino documentary movie produced, directed, and written by Rick Tejada-Flores and Ray Telles. The documentary covers the eventful life of Cesar Chavez in his epic struggle. The documentary movie is based on newsreel, archival footage, and interviews with California Governor Jerry Brown, Dolores Huerta, and Cesar Chavez family members including his brother, sister, son and daughter. Cesar Chavez and the farmworkers' struggle is a presentation of the Independent Television Services (ITVS) and are produced by Paradigm Productions (The Fight in the Fields, 16th May). The two hour documentary covers the first successful organizing drive of farm workers in the United States. It first premiered in 1997 in the Sundance Film Festival and was aired across the United States on PBS from 97 through 2000. It was also aired in the Sundance Channel in 2001 and 2002. The main focus of the documentary is on Cesar Chavez's dramatic attempts to unionize farm workers. The documentary covers the following areas of Cesar Chavez life: His earlier years. His adolescent life as a farm worker His young years as a community organizer His relationship and eventual marriage to Helen. Helen Chavez was instrumental in the movement since she supported her husband to focus his energy to the movement. The dramatic events that Cesar Chavez was involved in during his time in the movement. This helped the cause of the movement since it attracted the attention of the press. The non violent strikes attracted the attention of the public. This was a plus to their cause because it put pressure on farm owners and the government. His three hundred mile march. His friendship with Robert Kennedy Cesar Chavez and the farm workers major barrier was the Bracero Program which brought thousands of Mexican contract workers to work in the United States. The movie shows how Cesar Chavez unionized farm workers who led non violent strikes. Up to date migrant workers continue to face numerous problems. There are an estimated three and half million immigrants in the United States who are predominantly Latino (78%). They move their permanent residence so as to seek employment mainly in agricultural farms. Their kind of employment is usually of short durations and demand regular 'migration'. Almost fifty percent of migrant farm workers have less than ninth grade education. They face the problem of language barrier because they speak little or no English. Majority of farm workers live under the poverty level and very few receive worker's compensation or social security. Such benefits are hard to

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The appeal made by Jim Hightower in this article is replete with ample logical insights and arguments that cater to the logical faculties of the target audience and is rich in verifiable ethical claims that are aimed at arousing the ethical concerns and interests of the American consumers. The ethical credibility of the claims made by Jim Hightower is to a great extent established and reinforced by the character and professional credentials of the author. The target audience in particular and the readers in general can readily believe the claims being made by the writer as the character and qualifications of the writer evince much respect and credibility. Jim Hightower is indeed a very versatile American personality, who happens to be a radio commentator, public speaker, author and writer (Jim Hightower 1). Jim Hightower has spent much time and resources, protecting and safeguarding the rights of the American consumers, common folks, small businesses, working families and environment alists (Jim Hightower 1). Jim Hightower enjoys the honor of being twice elected Texas Agriculture Commissioner (Jim Hightower 1). Jim has written many books to further his cause and his works include Thieves in High Places: They’ve Stolen our Country and its Time to take it back, There’s nothing in the Middle of the Road but Yellow Stripes and Dead Armadillos, If the Gods has Meant us to Vote they would have Given us Candidates and Swim Against the Current: Even a Dead Fish can go with the Flow (Jim Hightower 1). Jim Hightower has been known for vociferously voicing the concern of the common American masses and consumers and his articles enjoy much public interest and following. So, even a cursory perusal of the article The Price of Cheap Goods does convince the readers that the writer that is Jim Hightower is somebody that deserves serious attention and interest. In the article, Jim Hightower successfully manages to come out as somebody who happens to be an authority on the subject being discussed and dealt with (Swearingen 122). The tone, matter and the research behind the details unraveled in the article are sufficient to convince the readers that the writer that is Jim Hightower is somebody who is worthy of interest and is likable (Swearingen 122). The professional background and credentials of Jim Hightower are sufficient to imbue the article with an aura of character and credibility. The tone and style adopted by Jim Hightower in the given article as conveyed by â€Å"It’s common to find child labor, sixteen hour days, constant exposure to lead and other poisons, wage rip-offs and other abuses in factories that stock the shelves of our stores and line the pockets of our corporate CEOs (Hightower 46),† does attract much credibility and trustworthiness on the part of the American consumers. In the given article, Jim Hightower inclusively resorts to verifiable logical means backed by

How can managers assist employees with their career development Research Paper

How can managers assist employees with their career development - Research Paper Example It has also been stated that presence of a motivated workforce is very critical to the success of a firm in the market. It has been proved in various researches that job satisfaction is an essential aspect that leads to motivation among the employees. A motivated employee is known to provide the best shot at the workplace and is likely to view his or her tasks as responsibilities rather than routine work that can lead to organizational efficiency generating competitive advantage for the organization. The aspect of motivation is also directly linked to career development of the individual employees. The role of the manager or the supervisor becomes very important in this regard as their attitude can lead to considerable effects on the level of motivation and job satisfaction. The present paper would try to analyze the role of the managers in assisting employees towards their career development Analysis The concept of career development has been a matter of consistent research over the last few decades. During the era of the 80’s the focus was based on the ‘unitarist’ practices with employees extending their career options to multiple employers in an attempt to get the best of development of their personal careers. The present age has led to a situation in which employers are facing issues of high turnovers that has led to formulation of strategies that call for the need to ensure career development of the employees so as to ensure motivation and job satisfaction that can in turn help retain the best employees in the organization. The aspect of career development also calls on managers and supervisors to formulate practices that tend to encourage and improve their learning curves. The recent recession and downturn in the markets also had a very negative impact on the relationship with employees and their managers as well as on the careers of employees who were downsized in order to maintain costs. However, many organizations and managers have realized this as an opportunity to ensure a relationship based on partnerships and mutual benefits leading to a condition of greater shared responsibility that has led to generation of a positive sentiment even during times of severe crisis situations like the economic recession (Bratton & Gold, 2001, p.172-180). Figure 1: Career Development Model (Source: Bratton & Gold, 2001, p.182) The figure above shows a career development plan that combines the organizational needs along with the career development of an employee in the organization. The model proposes a session for career counseling that can be used to integrate organizational requirements with the career growth and competence of an individual employee. The model also shows a significant and important role for the manager in the entire process as the entire task of making a mutual integration with the career goals of an individual employee. The manager has a key role in making a decision about the type of training program tha t should be suitable for the employee so as to ensure organizational development as well as career development of an individual (Bratton & Gold, 2001, p.172-180). Numerous research conducted by academic and professional circles have stated the importance of the role of

Class and Gordon Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Essay

Class and Gordon Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares - Essay Example Gordon Ramsay’s Ramsay’s Kitchen has already transcended beyond cooking and good taste. Gordon Ramsay’s success became a gauge and to a certain extent a barometer of the desirable values that society should emulate. Ramsay’s values for example such as hard work and neoliberal individualism was idealized that even his less than ideal characteristics became part of the acceptable culinary identity. As a show, Ramsay’s Kitchen has to provide entertainment value to its audience for the show to remain relevant but the manner it provides entertainment triggers extreme reactions due to Ramsay’s unorthodox and outrageous approach to entertain its audience. The jokes employed by the show may have served its purpose to elicit emotional response from its audience but it also creates class distinction as those who are not able to contend with the swagger of the jokes of Ramsay are often relegated to as low class. Even the structure of the show where apprentices are supposed to be students became a symbol of class distinction as they became subservient to the chef and therefore are subjected to classist derision affirming the power and superiority of Ramsay in culinary world not only in terms of culinary competence but also in employing power in the totem pole of chefs. This extends to language where power seems to provide license to the Ramsay show where swear words did not only become an expression of disgust but also an expression of superiority and power. Class differences also extended to gender as Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares represents the value of male dominated society as the show embodies the middle-class male dominated masculinity. But this may be necessary as most of its audience are composed of middle class where it derives not only its ratings but also its significance as its values are reflective of the middle

Hotel Rwanda Essay Example for Free

Hotel Rwanda Essay Hotel Rwanda describes the rivalry between two ethnic groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis. Both groups shared the same language, culture, territory, customs and beliefs but had different physical features and belonged to different ‘classes’. On the 6th of April 1994, the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed when their plane was shelled by rocket fire as it attempted to land at the airport in Kingali, Rwanda. The assassination of the Hutu president was attributed to the Tutsis just as a pretext to begin violence since it is believed his own people, the Hutus, murdered him. Then the genocide begins. The film focuses on the story of Paul Rusesabagina (Don Cheadle), a Hutu hotel manager at the Mille Collines, a Belgian-owned luxury hotel. We also learn early in the film that his wife and her family is Tutsi. Along with checking in guests, Rusesabagina must use his wise business sense to buy supplies from a rebellious Hutu who strives to get him involved in taking a stand against the Tutsis. As chaos ensues, United Nations forces, previously stationed to help, leave the Rwandans with nothing but their own will. Tutsi refugees turn to the Hutu Rusesabagina for help. Paul becomes the hero of the film saving over 1,000 refugees from death by harboring them in the hotel that he manages. Hotel Rwanda is a film made to show the world the violence and cruel things that were going on in South America. Nearly 1 million people were killed in less than 3 months. Paul Russesabegina (Don Chedle) was an amazing actor in the movie. He made a point. He was a true actor. He showed the viewers that he loved his people and wasnt going to let neither himself nor anyone else give up. European guests and staff at the hotel are flown out of the country, and Paul is left in charge. He finds that his conscience wont allow him to watch as the innocent are slaughtered, and before long, the hotel has become a well-appointed refugee camp. Some sees Paul as a traitor putting his life in danger. The predicament of his guests grows more precarious every day, but despite good intentions on the part of a journalist (Joaquin Phoenix) and a UN peacekeeping colonel (Nick Nolte), the rest of the world is not eager to intervene and stop the massacre. For me, the main theme of this movie is writing a wrong that is so terrible in nature that everybody is just unwilling to take a stand. The wrong is so unabashedly violent and righteous that everybody is willing to take a step back and wait for somebody to handle it. In this movie’s case, all hope was on the UN. However, only the foreign nationals initially got the aid of the UN. The nationals were left to figure things out on their own. In this case, Paul Rusesabagina became the unlikely hero. Doing the right thing at that time proved to be dangerous on himself and his family. It would have been easier for him to sell his soul rather than go against the majority movement. And yet, he did go against the tide and did the right thing by using his cool intellect and calm manner of dealing with his staff, the military, the militants and the rest of his family members and neighbors. Seeing death being done is bad enough. I can only imagine how devastating that can be. However, I understand his emotions when he saw his son traumatized by the situation. As a parent myself, I would not want any of my sons to witness such brutal acts of humanity on another human, let alone the violence that was done to the boy, too. Although Mr. Rusesabagina acted cool and composed in the film, I cannot help but wonder if, indeed, he was composed during the entire time he was still in the country. The atmosphere of the entire movie came across to me as harsh. That is, the scenes were unforgiving in their abrasive, visceral violence. The discordant scenes of killing and women being abused and disrespected were forceful. The film strived to be earnest and honest in the depiction of this inhumane genocide that affected the world. While watching the film, I was reminded of Hitler’s move to eliminate Jews from the world. This was WWII. It was and still is a horrible way of thinking. Yet, Hitler still found people to commiserate with his vision and ideal world. 50 years later, this genocide happens in Rwanda. Horrible. And yet, this incident did come to pass and it’s a true story. How can people treat their fellow human beings in this manner? Why act like savages when we have the capacity for love and compassion? What is it that drives such a crooked point-of-view to gain momentum? I’ve thought about this the whole weekend. The only answer I can come up with is that God gave mankind the gift of free will with our intellect and humanness. It is really up to us to use these gifts to the best of our ability. The choice to do right and wrong will always be upon us. Therefore, the consequences of our decisions and the foregoing actions that ensue because of these decisions will shape our lives. As such, the genocide that happened in Rwanda cannot be undone. But, we can learn the lessons needed to become better people. As with Paul Rusesabagina, his choice to fight passively with single-minded intention of getting his family and friends safely out of the country helped these individuals continue a life on this Earth. For just this trait, I salute him not only for standing on his belief and principles but for letting love and compassion identify the living force within him and having him translate this into the saving of human lives.

Why STIs are called silent infections

Why STIs are called silent infections In the following paragraphs I will be discussing why sexually transmitted diseases are called silent infections. I will also be discussing the topic of urinalysis and its components and how these components may reveal if the body is functioning normally or abnormally. . The information pertaining to these subjects relates to the knowledge I have gained through my readings of The Human Body in Health Disease, as well as personal knowledge and opinion. Explain why sexually transmitted diseases are often called silent infections, and discuss why this is especially true for women. The reason sexually transmitted diseases are called silent infections is that many of them are asymptomatic infections which produce no visible or immediate physical symptoms, thus an individual may be infected with an STD and not know it for days or weeks, even up to years because there are no symptoms present. The bacterium called Chlamydia trachoma, which produces the disease Chlamydia, can be asymptomatic for months and up to years. When symptoms occur they may be very minor at first in women, such as: vaginal discharge, frequent urination that may be painful, pain during sex, vaginal itching and burning. Since a yeast infection (candida albicans) can produce these same symptoms in a woman they may just treat it as a yeast infection and not see a doctor till the symptoms progress or are not relieved by current treatment for some time. This may not be the case with men, since the most common symptoms of a yeast infection in men are extreme itching of the penis glands and red sores on the penis, but they may also experience burning while urinating and uncommonly have discharge from the penis. With Chlamydia, a man that shows symptoms will most likely also have burning while urinating and penis discharge. Yeast infections in men are not as common and these kinds of symptoms usually causes a man to go straight to the doctor instead of the drug store. The disease Chlamydia is very common, and if diagnosed early it can be treated very effectively, but left untreated it can cause a number of health issues such as: conjunctivitis, which is an eye infection or pinkeye; urogenital infections such as yeast infections; systematic infections which are infections that are spread throughout the body, and also progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which causes infertility and sterility, and if untreated may cause death through septic shock. The bacterium syphilis (treponema pallidum) is another good example of a STD that takes a number of months to cause any visib le or physical symptoms and has three stages that it may progress through if left undiagnosed and untreated. The first stage, primary syphilis is highly contagious and produces chancre sores on the outside and inside of the vagina, the penis and scrotum and also the mouth. This stage can be treated with antibiotics, and if left untreated it may resolve itself within a month or so, but if this disease is not treated in the first stage it is possible that it will recur later as the second stage. The second stage, is secondary syphilis, is also highly contagious and at this point the disease has spread throughout the body and its organ systems. In this stage the symptoms may include sore throat, fever, headaches and a skin rash on the hands and feet. Also, the individual may develop wart-like sores on the penis or vagina areas. Besides the wart-like sores, all other symptoms may not be recognized as caused by a possible STD since these symptoms are similar to the common cold and allerg ic rash. So once again, the disease may be silent in it diagnosis and goes untreated so it can progress to the next stage, as well as most likely infecting others. The third stage is called tertiary syphilis and the disease is still affecting the body and its organ systems (systematic stage) throughout. By now many of the organ systems may be showing signs of the disease, and may be developing problems which can cause many serious health issues and possible death. The STD HIV and trichomoniasis are also asymptomatic in most individuals for some time. These are just a few of many STDs an individual may contract that may show no immediate symptoms and can go untreated, and can continue to spread from individual to individual. The reason STDs are especially silent diseases for women is that they may move to other parts of the body and cause damage of secondary infections/diseases without producing any symptoms. If some symptoms do develop they may present themselves as a common infection, such as, yeast infection or urinary tract infection. STDs that go undiagnosed in women can spread through the reproductive system (cervix, uterus and uterine/fallopian tubes) as well as the blood and other organ systems. The two STDs I discussed above, syphilis (treponema pallidum) and Chlamydia trachoma, are good examples of silent STDS, and both can produce few or no symptoms and are very commonly undiagnosed or untreated, thus causing secondary diseases like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and increase the risk of contracting HIV if exposed to the virus; This why I believe that STDs are especially silent diseases for women. Describe the different components of a urinalysis and discuss what each may reveal about the normal or abnormal functioning of the body. Give specific examples Urinalysis is the process of examining urine through three specific methods. The three methods used are microscopic, physical and chemical examination. Through the use of these methods, a lot can be determined about how the body is functioning and be a very helpful tool in discovering problems or diseases that may be occurring within the body and its organ systems. The physical characteristics of urine that are examined are; color, odor and specific gravity. The color of urine is normally straw-colored, transparent yellow or amber. This is mainly caused by pigment (urochrome), as well as substances we regularly ingest. There are many things that can change the color of urine or cause it to be cloudy, such as certain food, vitamins, dehydration, bile, blood, bacteria and certain drugs. Thus when urine is an abnormal color it may just be from types of foods the individual is eating or vitamins or drugs, but it could also indicate developing problems such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, kidney stones, urinary tract infection and acute glomerulonephritis. Therefore, when urine appears an abnormal color during an examination, it would be further tested chemically and microscopically to confirm the findings of the physical examination. The odor of urine is normally very minor, and when this is not the case it may indicate such diseases as diabetes mellitus or a bacterial infection of the kidney or bladder. The presences of a strong odor may also just be from B vitamins or food like asparagus, garlic, and curry, so abnormal strong smelling urine would also be confirmed in the same manner as color. The urine specific gravity is the level of chemicals/substances in the urine, as well as water content. If the urine specific gravity is above or below the normal range (1.001-1.035 g/ml) it indicates that there is some type of disease or disorder present. When the specific gravity is increased it may indicate that the individual is dehydrated or has developed kidney stone. Also, d iseases such as renal arterial stenosis, congestive heart failure and glycosuria can cause an increase in specific gravity. If the specific gravity is low it may be a sign of such diseases as pyelonophritis (kidney infection), renal failure and diabetes insipius-nephrogenic. It can also be caused by an individual ingesting an excessive amount of fluid. As with the other physical examination processes any abnormal findings would be confirmed through further testing before treatment was performed. The chemical and microscopic processes are used to look for normal and abnormal substances and the concentration of these substances in the urine such as the pH level and normal and abnormal compounds. The normal compounds that will be found in urine are such things as; mineral ions (chloride, potassium and sodium), urine pigments, nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, creatinine, urea and uric acid) and suspended solids or sediment (bacteria, blood cells and casts). All these substance are normal characteristics of urine that are unneeded waste products that the kidneys have excreted during the reabsorption process. The mineral ions levels of chloride, potassium and sodium in the urine will be influenced by the individual intake of these minerals and the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s need for them at the specific time they are consumed. The nitrogenous wastes ammonia, creatinine, uric acid and urea are also normal at certain levels. These substances are a byproduct of protein being broken down. If the kidneys do not excrete these nitrogenous waste products they will build up to a toxic level within the body at a very fast rate. If there are low levels of these substances in the urine it may be an indicator that there is a problem with renal function, such as acute or chronic renal failure. This would cause these substances to stay in the blood, instead of being cleansed out by the kidneys and excreted out in the urine. The presence of bacteria, blood cells and casts in urine is normal in some aspects. There are certain levels of hyaline cast that are normal for urine to contain; these are produced by deposits of cells and minerals that have broken free from the walls of the renal tubes into the urine. There are usually very few, if any, red blood cells in urine. The presence of very low quantities of red blood cells is possible in a perfectly healthy individual and especially in women because of menstruation. Urine will most likely contain some bacteria becau se of contamination during the process of giving the sample, but normally there should be no bacteria present if the sample is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or penis. I will be discussing the process used to examine casts, bacteria and blood cells in urine, as well as what abnormal levels of these substances may indicate later in the following paragraph. Abnormal compounds that may be found are: acetone, albumin, bile and glucose. The presence of these compounds can reveal a problem or disease in the body. For example, the presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is a good indicator that the individual has diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus causes the blood glucose concentration to increase beyond the renal threshold and the kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose, so the excess glucose stays in the urine. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the pancreas islet cells that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. When bile is present in the urine it may indicate the common bile duct is blocked, which may be caused by gallstones. It may also indicate other liver disorders such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. The substance albumin (protein) may normally be found in urine at low levels between 0 to 8 mg/dl. If the albumin levels exceed this level it may indicate there is a problem occurring in the kidneys, such as the glomer uli of the kidney may be damaged, causing it to allow protein to leak into the urine during the filtration process of the blood. This could be caused by kidney diseases and other contributing factors, such as diabetes or hypertension. The presence of high levels of the substance acetone in the urine can be produced by factors that involve diabetes mellitus that is not properly controlled. This may be caused by a lack of insulin secretion, which increases glucose supplies in the blood, but less entering the cells to use for fuel. Thus in the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s attempt to create homeostasis it breaks down fat for energy, and as a result of using fat for energy it produces acetone that ends up in the urine as waste. The pH level can be an indicator of a number of problems that are occurring within the body. The normal pH level should be between 4.6 and 8.0 in urine. When pH level is low, or has increased acidity, it may indicate the individual is dehydrated or has diabetic acidosis, which is caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or respiratory acidosis, which is caused by the retention of excess carbon dioxide in the body. When an individual has a high pH level, or increased alkaline, it may be an indicator of a urinary tract obstruction, which is an obstruction within the urinary tract that may be caused by kidney stone (calculi) or a tumor. Also, it may be caused by chronic renal failure, which is when the kidney starts to fail and does not properly process blood and create urine. These are just a few of the things high or low pH levels may indicate. Some compounds such as suspended solids or sediment (bacteria, blood cells and casts) are examined through the microscopic process after being spun in a centrifuge to push these substances to the bottom of the test tube. These substances at the bottom are then examined for the presence of abnormal cells, as well as high levels of blood cells, which may indicate things, such as bladder infect ion, kidney infection, bleeding within the urinary tract, and also prostatitis which is inflammation of the prostate gland, as well as other symptoms depending on the type of prostatitis. This process is also used to examine the urine for casts. Casts are tube-shaped particles that are composed of ether minerals, kidney cells, or red or white blood cells that have formed in the renal tubules of the kidneys. Then as the urine passes through these tubules they dislodge from the walls of the renal tubules and flow out of the body in the urine. There are many different types of casts and by examining which type that is in an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s urine, it may indicate if there are health issues developing such as chronic renal failure, renal tubular necrosis, bleeding within the kidney, interstitial inflammation and dehydration. As I mentioned in the previous paragraph, it is normal to have some hyaline casts in the urine, but such types as fatty casts, white bl ood cell casts, granular casts and waxy casts are indicators of problems occurring within the renal system or diseases in other parts of the body. In conclusion, there are many types of STDs that show no immediate symptoms, and that if left untreated can cause a number of serious health issues and even death. However, many of these STDs are completely treatable with no lasting effects or damage if diagnosed before they progress and affect other organs system of the body. For any individual, regardless of gender, regular check-ups and screening for STDS is necessary; even if safe sex is practiced, it is very possible to contract an STD from another person just through physical contact, such as kissing or just touching their hands when certain diseases are present. It is important for every individual, no matter what age or gender, to have regular physicals to not only be screened for STDs, but also for other diseases that may be developing within the body, and a number of diseases can be diagnosed through the process of urinalysis.