Electronic design automation industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6516 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION The VLSI was an important pioneer in the electronic design automation industry. The lambda-based design style which was advocated by carver mead and Lynn Conway offered a refined packages of tools.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Electronic design automation industry" essay for you Create order VLSI became the early hawker of standard cell (cell-based technology). Rapid advancement in VLSI technology has lead to a new paradigm in designing integrated circuits where a system-on-a-chip (SOC) is constructed based on predesigned and pre-verified cores such as CPUs, digital signals processors, and RAMs. Testing these cores requires a large amount of test data which is continuously increasing with the rapid increase in the complexity of SOC. Test compression and compaction techniques are widely used to reduce the storage data and test time by reducing the size of the test data. The Very large scale integration design or manufacturing of extremely small uses complex circuitry of modified semiconductor material. In 1959- jack St. Claire Kilby (Texas instruments) they developed the first integrated circuit of 10 components on 9 mm2. In 1959, Robert Norton Noyce (founder, Fairchild semiconductor) has improved this integrated circuit which has been developed by Jack St Claire Kilby, in 1968- Noyce, Gordon E. Moore found Intel, in 1971- Ted Hoff (Intel) has developed the first microprocessor (4004) consists of 2300 transistors on 9 mm2, since then the continuous improvement in technology has allowed for increased performance as predicted by Moores law. The rate of development of VLSI technology has historically progressed hand-in-hand with technology innovations. Many conventional VLSI systems as a result have engendered highly specialized technologies for their support. Most of the achievements in dense systems integration have derived from scaling in silicon VLSI process. As manufacturing has improved, it has become more cost-effective in many applications to replace a chip set with a monolithic IC: package costs are decreased, interconnect path shrink, and power loss in I/O drivers is reduced. As an example consider integrated circuit technology: the semi conductor industry Association predicts that, over the next 15 years, circuit technology will advance from the current four metallization layers up to seven layers. As a result, the phase of circuit testing in the design process is moving to the head as a major problem in VLSI design. In fact, Kenneth M, Thompson, vice president and general manager of the Technology, Manufactur ing, and Engineering Group for Intel Corporation, states that a major falsehood of testing is that we have made a lot progress in testing in reality it is very difficult for testing to keep speed with semi conductor manufacturing technology. Todays circuits are expected to perform a very broad range of functions as it also meets very high standards of performance, quality, and reliability. At the same time practical in terms of time and cost. 1.1 Analog Digital Electronics In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we are constantly dealing with quantities. In the most physical systems, quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated, arithmetically, observed. We should be able to represent the values efficiently and accurately when we deal with various quantities. There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: analog and digital 1.2 Analog Electronics Analogue/Analog electronics are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, two different levels are usually taken in digital electronics signals. In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is comparative to the value of that quantity. Analog quantities such as those cited above have n important characteristic: they can vary over a continuous range of values. 1.3 Digital Electronics In digital representation the quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. As an example, consider the digital watch, which provides the time of day in the form of decimal digits which represent hours and minutes (and sometimes seconds). As we know, the time of day changes continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it changes in steps of one per minute (or per second). In other words, this digital representation of the time of day changes in discrete steps, as compared with the representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial reading changes continuously. Digital electronics that deals with 1s and 0s, but thats a vast oversimplification of the in and outs of going digital. Digital electronics operates on the premise that all signals have two distinct levels. Certain voltages might be the levels near the power supply level and ground depending on the type of devices used. The logical meaning should not be mixed with the physical signal because the meaning of this signal level depends on the design of the circuit. Here are some common terms used in digital electronics: Logical-refers to a signal or device in terms of its meaning, such as TRUE or FALSE Physical-refers to a signal in terms of voltage or current or a devices physical characteristics HIGH-the signal level with the greater voltage LOW-the signal level with the lower voltage TRUE or 1-the signal level that results from logic conditions being met FALSE or 0-the signal level that results from logic conditions not being met Active High-a HIGH signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Active Low-a LOW signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Truth Table-a table showing the logical operation of a devices outputs based on the devices inputs, such as the following table for an OR gate described as below 1.4 Number Systems Digital logic may work with 1s and 0s, but it combines them into several different groupings that form different number systems. Most of are familiar with the decimal system, of course. Thats a base-10 system in which each digit represents a power of ten. There are some other number system representations, Binary-base two (each bit represents a power of two), digits are 0 and 1, numbers are denoted with a B or b at the end, such as 01001101B (77 in the decimal system) Hexadecimal or Hex-base 16 (each digit represents a power of 16), digits are 0 through 9 plus A-B-C-D-E-F representing 10-15, numbers are denoted with 0x at the beginning or h at the end, such as 0x5A or 5Ah (90 in the decimal system) and require four binary bits each. A dollar sign preceding the number ($01BE) is sometimes used, as well. Binary-coded decimal or BCD-a four-bit number similar to hexadecimal, except that the decimal value of the number is limited to 0-9. Decimal-the usual number system. Decimal numbers are usually denoted byd at the end, like 24d especially when they are combined with other numbering systems. Octal-base eight (each digit represents a power of 8), digits are 0-7, and each requires three bits. It is rarely used in modern designs. 1.5 Digital Construction Techniques Building digital circuits is somewhat easier than for analog circuits-there is fewer components and the devices tend to be in similarly sized packages. Connections are less susceptible to noise. The trade-off is that there can be many connections, so it is easy to make a mistake and harder to find them. There are a few visual clues as result of uniform packages. 1.5.1 Prototyping Boards Prototypes is nothing but putting together some temporary circuits, or, as part of the exercises using a common workbench accessory known as a prototyping board. A typical board is shown in Figure 1 with a DIP packaged IC plugged into the board across the centre gap. This board contains sets of sockets in rows which are connected mutually for the component leads to be connected and plugged in without soldering. Apart from these outer edges of the board which contains long rows of sockets are also connected together so that they can be used for ground connections and power supply which are common to most components. Assembling wiring layout on the prototype board should be carried out systematically, similar to the schematic diagram shown. 1.5.2 Reading Pin Connections IC pins are almost always arranged so that pin 1 is in a corner or by an identifying mark on the IC body and the sequence increases in a counter-clockwise sequence looking down on the IC or chip as shown in Figure 1. In almost all DIP packages, the identifying mark is a dot in the corner marking pin 1. Both can be seen in the diagram, but on any given IC only one is expected to be utilised. 1.5.3 Powering Digital Logic Where analog electronics is usually somewhat flexible in its power requirements and tolerant of variations in power supply voltage, digital logic is not nearly so carefree. Whatever logic family you choose, you will need to regulate the power supply voltages to at least  ±5 percent, with adequate filter capacitors to filter out sharp sags or spikes. To provide references to the internal electronics that sense the low or high voltages and also act on them as logic signals, the logic devices rely on stable power supply voltages. The device could be confused and also misinterpret the inputs if the devices ground voltage is kept away from 0 volts, which in turn causes temporary changes in the signals, popularly known as glitches. It is better to ensure that the power supply is very clean as the corresponding outcome can be very difficult to troubleshoot. A good technique is to connect a 10 ~ 100  µF electrolytic or tantalum capacitor and a 0.1  µF ceramic capacitor in parallel across the power supply connections on your prototyping board. CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF ITERATIVE CIRCUITS As a background research, recent work on iterative circuits was investigated. In this section, seven main proposals from the literature will be reviewed. The first paper by Douglas Lewin published in (1974, pg.76,277), titled Logic Design of Switching Circuits, in this book he states that quite often in combinational logic design, the technique of expressing oral statements for a logic circuit in the form of a truth table is inadequate. He stated that for a simple network, a terminal description will often suffice, but for more complex circuits, and in particular when relay logic is to be employed, the truth table method can lead to a laborious and inelegant solution. 2.1 Example: A logic system could be decomposed into a number identical sub-systems, then if we could produce a design for the sub-system, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. The outputs of one cell form the inputs to the next one in the chain and so on, each cell is identical except for the first one (and frequently he last one) whose cell inputs must be deduced from the initial conditions. Each cell has external inputs as well as inputs from the preceding cell, which are distinguished by defining the outputs of a cell as its state. Figure 2.1 Iterative Switching Systems The second proposal which will b reviewed was presented by Fredrick J. Hil and Gerald R. Peterson published in (1981, pg. 570), titled Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design, in this book, they discussed that iterative network is highly repetitive form of a combinational logic network. The repetitive structure make possible to describe the iterative networks utilizing techniques that already developed for sequential circuits, the author in this books he has limited his discussion to one dimensional iterative networks represented by the cascade or identical cells given in below figure. A typical cell with appropriate input and output notation is given in one more figure below (b). Now note the two distinct types of inputs, i.e., primary inputs from the outside world and secondary inputs from the previous cell in the cascade. And similarly and there are two types of outputs, i.e., primary to the outside world and secondary to the next cell in the cascade. The boundary input s which are at the left of the cascade denoted by us in the same manner as secondary inputs. At some cases the inputs will be constant values. A set of boundary inputs emerges from the right most cell in the cascade. although these outputs are to the outside world, they will be labelled in the same manners secondary outputs. The boundary outputs will be the only outputs of the iterative networks. The third proposal by Barri Wilkinson with Raffic Makki, published in (1992, pg. 72-4) titled -digital design principles, in this book, they discussed about the design and problems of iterative circuits and stated that, there are some design problems which would require a large number of gates if designed as two level circuits. On approach i.e., is to divide each function into a number of identical sub functions which need be performed in sequence and the result of one sub function is used in the next sub function. A design based around the iterative approach is shown in below figure. There are seven logic circuit cells each cell accepts one code word digit and the output from the preceding cell. The cell produces one output, Z, which is a 1 whenever the number of 1s on the two inputs is odd. Hence successive outputs are a 1 when the number of 1s on inputs to that point is odd and the final output is a 1 only when the number of 1s in the whole code word is odd as required. To create an iterative design, the number of cells and the number of data inputs to each cell need to be determined and also the number of different states that must be recognized by the cell. The number of different states will define the number of lines to the next cell (usually carrying binary encoded information). The fourth proposal was reviewed by Douglas Lewin and David Protheroe published in (1992, pg. 369),titled Design of Logic systems, in this book, according to them, iterative networks were widely used in the early days of switching systems when relays were the major means of realizing logic circuits. these technique fell into disuse when electronic logic gates widely available. It is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in the sense regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation up to a sequence of a data bits. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with large numbers of parallel inputs. The method is also directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits and has the advantage of producing a modular structure based on a standard cell which may be optimized independently in terms of layout etc. Circuits containing any number of input variables can easily be constructed by simply extending the network with more cells. they examine the iterative circuits with some examples, although it is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in this sense regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation upon a sequence of data bits. Suppose a logic system could be decomposed into a number of identical subsystems; then if we could produce a design for the subsystem, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. Problem Reduced: this problem now has been reduced to that of specifying and designing the cell, rather than the complete system. The fifth proposal presented by Brians Holdsworth published in (1993, pg. 165-166) titled Digital Logic Design, stated that iterative networks widely used before the introduction of electronic gates are again of some interest to the logic designers as a result of developments in semiconductor technology. Moss pass transistors which are easily fabricated are used in LSI circuits where these LSI circuits require less space and allow higher packing densities. One of the major disadvantages of hard-wired iterative networks was the long propagation delays because of the time taken for signals to ripple through a chain of iterated cells. This is no longer such a significant disadvantage since of the length of the signal paths on an LSI chip are much reduced in comparison with the hard-wired connections between SSI and MSI circuits. However, the number of pass transistors that can be connected in series is limited because of signal degradation and it is necessary to provide intercell buffe rs to restore the original signal levels. One additional advantage is the structural simplicity and the identical nature of the cells which allows a more economical circuit layout. A book proposed by Brians Holdsworth and R.C. Woods published in (2002, pg.135), titled Digital Logic Design, in this book, the discussion on the structure has made and stated that iterative network consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manners as shown in figure with the variables X1.Xn are termed as primary input signals while the output signals termed as Z1Zn and another variable is also taken a1an+1 are termed as secondary inputs or outputs depending on whether these signals are entering or leaving a cell. The structure of an iterative circuit may be defined as one which receives the incoming primary data in parallel form where each cell process the incoming primary and secondary data and generates a secondary output signal which is transmitted to the next cell. Secondary data is transmitted along the chain of cells and the time taken to reach steady state is determined by the delay times of the individual cells and their interconnections. According to Larry L. Kinney, Charles .H and Roth. JR, published in (2004, pg.519) titled Fundamentals of Logic design, in this book they discussed that many design procedures used for sequential circuits can be applied to the design of the iterative circuits, they consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manner. Some operations such as binary addition, naturally lend themselves to realization with an iterative circuit because of the same operation is performed on each pair input bits. The regular structure of an iterative circuit makes it easier to fabricate in integrated circuit from than circuits with less regular structures, the simplest form of a iterative circuit consists of a linear array of combinational cells with signals between cells travelling in only one direction, each cell is a combinational circuit with one or more primary inputs and possibly one or more primary outputs. In addition, each cell has one or more secondary inputs and one or more secondary outputs. Then the produced signals carry information about the state of one cell to the next cell. The primary inputs to the cells are applied in parallel; that is, they are applied at the same time, the signals then propagate down the line of cells. Because the circuit is combinational, the time required for the circuit to reach a steady- state condition is determined only by the delay times of the gates in the cell. As soon as steady state is reached, the output may be read. Thus, the iterative circuits can function as a parallel- input, parallel-output device, in contrast with the sequential circuit in which the input and output are serial. One can think of the iterative circuits as receive its inputs as a sequence in time. Example: parallel adder is an example of iterative circuits that has four identical cells. The serial adder uses the same full adder cell as he parallel adder, but it receives its inputs serially and stores the carry in a flip-flop instead of propagating it from cell to cell. The final proposal was authored by JOHN F WAKERLY, published in (2006, pg. 459, 462, 756), titled Digital Design Principles, in this book he quoted that, iterative circuits is a special type of combinational circuits, with the structure shown in below figure. This circuit contains n identical modules, each of which contains both primary inputs and primary outputs and cascading inputs and cascading outputs. The left most cascading inputs which is shown in below figure are called boundary inputs and are connected to fixed logic values in most iterative circuits. The right most cascading outputs are called boundary outputs and these cascading output provides important information. Iterative circuits are well suited to problems that can be solved by a simple iterative algorithm: Set C0 to its initial value and set i=0 Use Ci and Pli to determine the values of P0i and Ci+1. Increment i. If i restore. Xilinx ISE project navigator: Xilinx ISE consists of an array of software tools; we illustrate the basic development process. Four major steps include: Create the project design and HDL codes. Create a test bench and perform RTL simulation Adding a constraint file and to synthesize and implement the code. Generate and download the configuration file to an FPGA device. 7.14 Overview of ISE Tool ISE controls all aspects of the design flow. Through the Project Navigator interface, can access all of the design entry and design implementation tools. You can also access the files and documents associated with your project. Project Navigator maintains a flat directory structure; therefore, maintain revision control through the use of snapshots. 7.14.1 Project Navigator Interface The Project Navigator Interface is divided into four main sub windows, as seen in below figure. On the top left is the Sources window which hierarchically displays the elements included in the project. Beneath the Sources window is the Processes window, which displays available processes for the currently selected source. The third window at the bottom of the Project Navigator is the Transcript window which displays status messages, errors, and warnings and also contains interactive tabs fo Tcl scripting and the Find in Files function. The fourth window to the right is a multi-document interface (MDI) window refered to as the Workspace. It enables you to view html reports, ASCII text files, schematics, and simulation waveforms. Each window may be resized, undocked from Project Navigator or moved to a new location within the main Project Navigator window. The default layout can always be restored by selecting View Restore Default Layout. These windows are discussed in more detail in t he following sections. 7.14.2 Sources Window This window consists of three tabs which provide information for the user. Each tab is discussed in further detail below. 7.14.3 Sources Tab The Sources tab displays the project name, the specified device, and user documents and design source files associated with the selected Design View. The Design View (Sources for) drop-down list at the top of the Sources tab allows you to view only those source files associated with the selected Design View, such as Synthesis/Implementation standards. 7.14.4 Devices in the Spartan-3 Subfamily Even though Spartan-3 FPGA devices has similar types of logic cells and macro cells, their densities differ. Each subfamily contains an array of devices of various densities. 7.14.5 Macro Cell The Spartan-3 device contains four types of macro blocks: combinational multiplier, block RAM, digital clock manager (DCM), and input/ output block (IOB). The combinational multiplier accepts two 18-bit numbers as inputs and calculates the product. The block RAM is an 18k-bit synchronous SRAM that can be arranged in various types of configurations. A DCM uses a digital-delayed loop to reduce clock skew and to control the frequency and phase shift of a clock signal. An IOB controls the flow of data between the devices I/O pins and the internal logic. It can be configured to support a wide variety of I/O signalling standards. 7.15 Development Flow The simplified development flow of an FPGA-based system is shown in below figure, to facilitate further reading, we follow the terms used in Xilinx documentation. The left portion of the flow is the refinement and programming process, in which a system is transformed from an abstract textual HDL description to a device cell-level configuration and then downloaded to the FPGA device. The right portion is the validation process, which checks whether the system meets the functional specification and performance goals. The major steps the flow are: Design the system and derive the HDL files(s). We may need to add a separate constraint file to specify certain implementation constraints. Develop the test bench in HDL and perform RTL simulation. The RTL term reflects the fact that the HDL code is done at the register transfer level. Perform synthesis and implementation. The synthesis process is generally know as logic synthesis, in which the software transforms the HDL constructs to generic gate level components, such as simple logic gates and FFs. The implementation process consists of three smaller processes: translate, map, and place and route. Translate: The translate process merges multiplies design files to a single netlist. MAP: This process which is generally known as technology mapping, maps the generic gates in the netlist to FPGAs logic cells and IOBs. PLACE and ROUTE PROCESS: which is generally known as placement and routing, it derives the physical layout inside the FPGA chip. It places the cells in physical locations and determines the routes to connect various signals. In Xilinx flow, static timing analysis, this static timing analysis determines various timing parameters, such as maximal propagation delay and maximal clock frequency, this is performed at the end of the implementation process Now at last generate and download the programming file. In this process, a configuration file is generated according to the final netlist. The file is downloaded to an FPGA device serially to configure the logic cells and switches. The physical circuit can verified consequently. The optional functional simulation can be performed after synthesis, and the optional timing simulation can be performed after implementation. Functional simulation uses a synthesized netlist to replace the RTL description and checks the corrections of the synthesis process. Timing simulations uses the final netlist, along with detailed timing data, to perform simulation. Because of the complexity of the netlist, functional and timing simulation may require a significant amount of time. If we follow good design and coding practices, the HDL code will be synthesized and implemented correctly. We only need to use RTL simulation to check the correctness of the HDL ode and use static timing analysis to examine th e relevant timing information. Both functional and timing simulations can be omitted from the development flow. 7.15.1 Snapshots Tab The Snapshots tab displays all snapshots associated with the project currently open in Project Navigator. A snapshot is a copy of the project including all files in the working directory, and synthesis and simulation sub-directories. A snapshot is stored with the project for which is was taken, and the snapshot can be viewed in the snapshots tab. 7.15.2 Libraries Tab The Libraries tab displays all libraries associated with the project open in Project Navigator. 7.15.3 Processes Window This window contains one default tab called the Processes tab. 7.15.4 Processes Tab The Processes tab is context sensitive and changes based upon the source type selected in the Sources tab and the Top-Level Source Type in your project. From the Processes tab, run the functions necessary to define, run and view your design. The Processes tab provides access to the following functions: Add an Existing Source Create New Source View Design Summary Design Entry Utilities Provides access to symbol generation, instantiation templates, HDL Converter, View command line Log File, and simulation library compilation. 7.15.5 User Constraints Provides access to editing location and timing constraints. 7.15.6 Synthesis Provides access to Check Syntax, Synthesis, View RTL or Technology Schematic, and synthesis reports. 7.15.7 Implement Design Provides access to implementation tools, design flow reports, and point tools. 7.15.8 Generate Programming File Provides access to the configuration tools and bit stream generation. The Processes tab incorporates automake technology. This enables the user to select any process in the flow and the software automatically runs the processes necessary to get to the desired step. For example, when run the Implement Design process, Project Navigator also runs the Synthesis process because implementation is dependent on up-todate synthesis results. 7.15.9 Transcript Window The Transcript window contains five default tabs: Console, Errors, Warnings, Tcl Console, Find in Files. 7.15.10 Console Displays errors, warnings, and information messages. Errors are signified by a red (X) next to the message, while warnings have a yellow exclamation mark (!). 7.15.11 Warnings Displays only warning messages. Other console messages are filtered out. 7.15.12 Errors Displays only error messages. Other console messages are filtered out. 7.15. 13 Tcl Console Is a user interactive console. In additions to displaying errors, warnings and informational messages, the Tcl Console allows a user to enter Project Navigator specific Tcl commands. For more information on Tcl commands, see the ISE Help. 7.15.14 Find in Files Displays the results of the Edit Find in Files function. 7.16 Workspace 7.16.1 Design Summary The Design Summary lists high-level information about project, including overview information, a device utilization summary, and performance data gathered from the Place Route (PAR) report, constraints information, and summary information from all reports with links to the individual reports. 7.16.2 Text Editor Source files and other text documents can be opened in a user designated editor. The editor is determined by the setting found by selecting Edit Preferences, expand ISE General and click Editor. The default editor is the ISE Text Editor. ISE Text Editor enables to edit source files and user documents. You can access the Language Templates, which is a catalog of ABEL, Verilog and VHDL language, and User Constraints File templates that you can use and modify in your own design. 7.16.3 ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor is a test bench and test fixture creation tool integrated in the Project Navigator framework. Waveform Editor can be used to graphically enter stimuli and the expected response, then generate a VHDL test bench or Verilog test fixture. 7.16.4 Schematic Editor The Schematic Editor is integrated in the Project Navigator framework. The Schematic Editor can be used to graphically create and view logical designs. CHAPTER 8 8. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS This chapter review the major contributions of this thesis and discusses some directions for future research 8.1 Dissertation Contributions Most of the test engineers and researchers are trying to discover extremely appropriate design of Iterative circuits schemes to maximise the test methodology. Usually, most of the inventions are providing enormous results and a number of well-known advantages, but always there is a question or the most important matter rose in development of designing of Iterative circuits; the reliability of iterative circuits. In this chapter, a brief review of the contributions of the dissertation is presented. In chapter 2, a review of iterative circuits and its investigated, as is well known, iterative networks were widely used in the early days of switching systems when relays were the major means of realizing logic circuits. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with large numbers of parallel inputs. The method is also directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits and has the advantage of producing a modular structure based on a standard cell which may be optimized independently in terms of layout etc. In chapter 3, an overview of design methods for iterative circuits are discussed quoted as a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Changes and refinements are made, in the most recent iteration of a design, based on the results of testing. Iterative design process might be applicable in the entire new product development process. In the early stages of development changes are easy and affordable to implement. In the iterative design process the first is to develop a prototype. And also mentioned about the classification of iterative circuits with an example. 8.2 Testability of Iterative Circuits The increase in the complexity of the integrated circuits and the inherent increase in the cost of the test carried out on them are making it necessary to look for ways of improving the testability of iterative circuits. However the results can be extended to stable class of bilateral circuits. Kautz proposed the cell fault model (CFM) which was adopted my most researchers in testing ILAs. As assumed by CFM only one cell can be faulty at a time. As long as the cell remains combinational, the output functions of the faulty cell could be affected by the fault. In chapter 4, the design of iterative building blocks are investigated through different binary arithmetic circuits as it is a combinatorial problem. For the binary arithmetic, it may seem insignificant to use the methods which we have already seen for designing combinatorial circuits to obtain circuits. But the problem persists with this so the general method to create these kinds of circuits would use too many gates. We must look for different routes. As well as the coding was also developed with the building blocks. In chapter 5, investigation on need for testing is made stating that as the density of VLSI products increases, their testing becomes more difficult and costly. Generating test patterns has shifted from a deterministic approach, in which a testing pattern is generated automatically based on a fault model and an algorithm, to a random selection of test signals. While most problems in VLSI design has been reduced to algorithm in readily available software, the responsibilities for various levels of testing and testing methodology can be significant burden on the designer. Manufacturing Test Principles A critical factor in all LSI and VLSI design is the need to incorporate methods of testing circuits. This task should proceed concurrently with any architectural considerations and not be left until fabricated parts are available. Optimal Testing With the increased complexity of VLSI circuits, testing has become more costly and time-consuming, In chapter 6, these chapter discusses about the Design and Implementation of Circuits on FPGA, based on VLSI Design so states that the design and implementation is based on two types ASIC and FPGA but in detail we discuss about the FPGA Historical Background and Review on FPGA states that In some FPGAs, two I/O cells can be combined to support differential pair I/O standards. A trend in FPGAs is to include cores for specialized functions such as single-port and dual-port RAMs, first-in-first-out (FIFO) memories, multipliers, and DSPs. Within any given FPGA, all memory cores are usually of the same size in terms of the total number of memory bits, but each memory cores in the arrays is individually programmable. We also discuss about the Implementation Styles, and example on FPGA, as well as Benefits of FPGA Technology, and also aroused a question about why choosing an FPGA, and the Software Development in FPGA technology and finally we end this chapter this Testing on FPGA. In chapter 7, A Review on Verilog was stated and also Basic concepts and also mentioned about the Hardware Description Language quotes that Two things distinguish an HDL from a linear language like C: Concurrency and Timing, as well as the introduction to Verilog was also discussed, combining with these discussion was also made on Features, Design Specification, Design Styles, Functional Verification and Testing, Logic synthesis, Floor Planning Automatic Place and Route, Physical Layout, Design Hierarchies, Modules, Instances, ports, Behavioural RTL Modelling, Modelsim, Project flow, Commands, Graph Verifying, and finally discussed about the Xilinx ISE Tools, in this Xilinx ISE section we will clearly understand about the how to create a project, synthesis and implementation and finally errors, warnings and many more are found, in ISE simulator or waveform editor ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor is a test bench and test fixture creation tool integrated in the Project Navigator frame work. Waveform Editor can be used to graphically enter stimuli and the expected response, then generate a VHDL test bench or Verilog test fixture. At last the chapter ends with the Schematic Editor that is integrated in the Project Navigator framework. The Schematic Editor can be used to graphically create and view logical designs CHAPTER 9 References Rubio, R. Anglada, J. Figueras (1989), Easily Testable Iterative Uni-dimensional CMOS Circuits, European Test Conference, Volume. 12, Issue 14, p. 240 245. Barry Wilkinson and Rafic Makki (1992), Digital System Design, 2nd Ed, Prentice Hall. B. Holdsworth (1993), Digital Logic Design, 3rd Ed, Butterworth-Heinemann. Brian Holdsworth and Clive Woods (2002), Digital Logic Design, 4th Ed, Newnes Publications. D. D. Givone and R. P. Roesser (2006), Multidimensional Linear Iterative Circuitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ General Properties, IEEE Journal on Computers, Volume: C-21, Issue: 10, p. 1067- 1073. Douglas Lewin (1974), Logical Design of Switching Circuits, 2nd Ed, Thomas Nelson Sons Ltd. Douglas Lewin and David Protheroe (1994), Design of Logic Systems, 2nd Ed, Chapman Hall. Fredrick J. Hill and Gerald R. Peterson (1981), Introduction to Switching Theory Logic Design, 3rd Ed, John Wiley Sons, Inc. H.Charles Roth, and L. Larry (2004) Kinney Fundamentals of logic design, 6th Ed, CENGAGE LEARNING. Hassan A. Farhat (2004), Digital design and computer organization, CRC Press LLC. John F. Walkerly (2006), Digital Design: Principles Practices, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall. John V. Oldfield and Richard C. Dorf (1995), Field Programmable Gate Arrays: Reconfigurab;e Logic for Rapid Prototyping and Implementation of Digital Systems, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Laung-Terng Wang, Charles E. Stroud, Nur A. Touba (2008), System-on-chip test architectures: nanometer design for testability, Elsevier Inc. M. Morris Manoand Charles R. Kime (2004), Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, 3rd Ed, Prentice Hall. Pong P. Chu (2008), FPGA prototyping by VHDL examples: Xilinx Spartan, 3 version, John Wiley Sons Inc. R. C. Seals G. F. Whapshott (1997), Programmable Logic: PLDs FPGAs, 1st Ed, Macmillan Press Ltd. Wai-Kai Chen (2003), VLSI technology, CRC Press LLC. 9.1 Electronic References https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1041811isnumber=22329 (Accessed on 03/09/09). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1672046isnumber=3064 (Accessed 15/09/09). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=36249isnumber=1513 (Accessed on 15/09/09) www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 20/09/09). https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/5024/4/bac2746.0001.001.txt(Accessed on 20/09/09). www.csupomona.edu/~apfelzer/204pdf/204-9.pdf (Accessed on 24/09/09). https://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/adrianth/ecal95/img3.gif (Accessed on 24/09/09) portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1311977 (Accessed on 24/09/09). www.mrc.uidaho.edu/mrc/people/jff/240/241//iterative.htm (Accessed on 24/09/09). www.mrc.uidaho.edu/mrc/people/jff/240/241//iterative.htm (Accessed on 24/09/09). ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=313328 (Accessed on 25/09/09). www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~mbala/csl316/slides/sec2.ppt (Accessed on 25/09/09). citeseer.ist.psu.edu/102979.html (Accessed on 25/09/09). www.freepatentsonline.com/3290624.html (Accessed on 27/09/09). dtlab.kaist.ac.kr//Chap%2016%20-%20Sequential%20Ckt%20Design.pdf (Accessed on 27/09/09). www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 29/09/09). www.freepatentsonline.com/3290624.html (Accessed on 30/09/09). dtlab.kaist.ac.kr//Chap%2016%20-%20Sequential%20Ckt%20Design.pdf (Accessed on 05/10/09). www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 05/10/09). https://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Niteesh-84640-vlsi-technology-entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ (Accessed on 07/10/09). https://www.cs.unm.edu/~melaniem/pdfs/Arora_SSISwarm_2009.pdf (Accessed on 07/10/09). https://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~seda/eecs355_W07_lec01.pdf(Accessed on 14/10/09). https://www.fpgacentral.com/docs/fpga-tutorial/fpga-design-flow-overview (Accessed on 14/10/09). https://www.strumpen.net/xilinx/tut82i/ise.html (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/FullAdderNewProjectWizard_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/FPGAsetting_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/verilogmodule_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/Synthesizer_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/Halfadder_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). CHAPTER 10 10. Appendix 10.1 ADDER x1 10.2 ADDER x2 10.3 Adder Sum 10.4 Carry

Explore the Ways in Which Prospero Is Presented as a...

Prospero is arguably the most interesting and diverse characters within William Shakespeares ‘The Tempest. He is a man that was wronged by his usurping brother, however he is somewhat difficult to like as his story unfolds and the story of others is submerged. His power over and treatment of other characters shows him as a man that is struggling with his own importance and ability, however his isolation from the world for so many years clearly plays an important part in the way prospero uses his power to try and obtain justice for what he lost. His Manner is presented as authoritarian, Shakespeare uses language to create Prosperos threatening manipulative manner, using dialect that has emotional impact on each character for separate†¦show more content†¦Prospero trys to depict himself to everybody in different ways; to some he is threatening and unreasonable and to Miranda he tries to show himself as a victim of the devious world from which they have come. Shakespeare is highlighting Prosperos falseness by showing Miranda as disinterested; she is a expression of innocence in the story, untainted by lifes reality and cruelness, therefore she is not as vulnerable to being drawn in by falsehoods and manipulation, this may be Prosperos saving grace, his daughter is his reality and she keeps him grounded. Mirandas husband is chosen for her by Prospero, he leads Ferdinand to her with the wish they would fall in love, he had Ferdinand taken from the ship and lead to Miranda, then he enslaved him, he wanted to ensure the love between Ferdinand and Miranda is a challenge worth winning. He gives Ferdinand and Miranda his blessing once he believes they will last but warns him not to ‘break her virgin-knot before they are married. Prospero believes Miranda and Ferdinands love will last longer if it is harder to obtain, the strongest oaths are straw to th fire I th blood. 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Food Network A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media Free Essays

Food Network: A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media Since 1993, Food Network has been creating hungry viewers throughout the county, and even other parts of the world. Some countries have their own food network. For example Food Network: Canada and Food Network: Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Network: A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basic cable and satellite television channel has taken regular episodic programs about food and cooking to a whole new level in the media. It airs specials on various kinds of delicious, rare, and even bizarre ‘eats’ that civilization has to offer. The Genre theory allows us to ategorize this type of programing as food television. There is basically no violence associated with the programs aired so the range in audience is boundless. The target audience can be any person, young or older, who enjoys cooking. For people who like eating and even a curious audience who wonders what other cultures eat. With a large range in audience The Food Network could form our culture to what kind of food people eat. This is known as Cultural Norms Theory. The channel even displays compelling competitions were chefs face off against each other in hopes to aspire to ulinary fame, and eliminate rival opponents. The network is an ideal presentation of the reinforcement theory; that reinforces the attitudes, beliefs and values of the media consumer. The audience is drawn to competition, were the winner is awarded and the loser goes home. Especially in American culture where the audience not only loves food, but also the approach of a rival matchup with a prize or a dream come true. The competition events adds to the entertainment substance of the Network. These food competitions also prompts the mystification/demystification theory, where he media has the power turn a normal person into a big star. After Just a few achievements the network will overexpose a skilled chef like Bobby Flay, Racheal Ray, Guy Fieri or Gordon Ramsey into a national figure overnight with multiple shows. As the theory states it can also do the exact opposite toa known figure. Below is a picture of celebrity chef, Paula Deen, in tears on NBC’s ‘Today Show, after being publically disgraces for using the N word. Celebrity chef Paula Deen breaks into tears on NBC News’ ‘Today show on June 26, alking about the controversy that damaged her $17-million-a-year food empire. – http://www. nydailynews. com. Oprah Winfrey on Paula Deen’s N-word scandal The Characters ot the network nave become icons in the world ot culinary a image is recognized, and consumers identify with them so much that they are used in advertisements and promotions. Adding to the characters personal synergism. Guy Fieri won the second season of Food Networks, The Next Food Networks Star. Below is a picture of Guy Fieri in an advertisement for TGI Fridays. In the list of numerous programs the network has created over the years it still exhibits the ‘how to’ cooking shows were the consumer can learn recipes, and how to prepare healthy meals. With so many programs introduced in one network, even if food is an element in every program, a mass amount of content seems to also exercise the Uses and Gratifications Theory; that we the consumers all use the media for different reasons and purposes. The function and purpose (information/ persuasion/entertainment) of Food Network could be different for every media consumer. There is information on recipes and ways to cook. There is persuasion on what is healthy to eat as well what kind of food to eat, based on what stars have chosen in contests and advertisements. There is much more entertainment in the new competitions, and reality T. V. based programing. This Analysis of the Food Network channel has taught me a lot about mass communication and the effect a simple genre can have on a mass amount of media consumers. Even if it’s Just the simple content of food and no violent or sexual behavior the effectiveness can still be significantly structured. How to cite Food Network: A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media, Essays

Early Sunday Morning Analysis free essay sample

Early Sunday Morning is a quintessential Edward Hopper painting. Looking at the painting you see a stretch of street with no street signs and completely void of any human activity, nothing is happening. The point of view of the painting is from across the street, looking at the two story properties. The shadows, pavement, and the building create an interesting series of horizontal lines. The only objects to break the horizontal line of the buildings are a barber’s shop pole and a fire hydrant. Instead of creating a composition that directs the viewer’s eye around the scene, the painting has only horizontal and sparse vertical lines which let your eye simply scan around it. Hopper lets the early morning orange color of the light completely cover the frame while the long shadows show the time of day. In stark contrast to the warm colors of the light and the red plastered second story, the first story of the building is a light green which demands your attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Sunday Morning Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shops are all dark inside and the gold colored titles of the businesses are all unreadable. Above the small shops are rows of apartments which are also dark inside. Each window into the homes has their own differences, showing individual personalities of the people who live there. The way Hopper left the street scene unrecognizable to a certain street, gives the illusion that this could be any small row of businesses in America. The absence of any people give the painting a calm feeling, like a birds chip and a slight wind might be the only thing to break the silence. Nobody is awake and the businesses have yet to open. A scene that many people might take for granted. Just like in many of Hopper’s paintings, he perfectly captures the feeling of American life of the time. Hopper effectively shows the calm and slow emotion of the painting with only the architecture and the way he masterfully allows the light to take over the scene. In the same way Edward Hopper illustrates the peaceful mood of the street scene in Early Sunday Morning, the smooth jazz styling of â€Å"Early Sunday Morning† by Isaac Hayes has the same tone and mood that one might imagine when looking at the painting. It has soft melody of drum snares, trumpet, violin, and bass that together are calm and relaxing. The song does not have any fast or slow sections; it is simply a calm and repetitive tune which matches the calm and repetitive composition of the painting. â€Å"Early Sunday Morning† is void of lyrics and relies solely on the collaboration of instruments to express the feeling; similarly, Hopper uses only the collaboration of light and architecture of the painting to show the emotion.

understending cloud computing Essay Example For Students

understending cloud computing Essay Understanding cloud computing:Cloud computing represents a major change in how we store digital information and run computer applications. Instead of running programs and storing data on an individual desktop computer, everything is hosted in the cloud an assemblage of computers and servers accessed via the Internet. Our applications and documents are in the process of moving from the desktop into what experts call the cloud thousands of computers and servers, all linked together and accessible via the Internet. With cloud computing, everything we used to do on our desktop computer is now done over the web; we can access all our programs and documents from any computer thats connected to the Internet. We will write a custom essay on understending cloud computing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now How does cloud computing work and how will it affect the way we work? The software programs we use are stored computer we own. The documents we create are stored on the computer on which they were created. And, although documents can be accessed from other computers on a network, they cant be accessed by computers outside the network. With cloud computing, the software programs we use arent run from our personal computer, but are rather stored on servers housed elsewhere and accessed via the Internet. If our individual computer crashes, the software is still available for others to use. The same goes for the documents we create; theyre stored on a collection of servers accessed via the Internet. Anyone with permission can not only access the documents, but can also edit and collaborate on those documents in real time. The applications and data served by the cloud are available to a broad group of users using different operating system platforms; access is via the Internet. Any author ized user can access these docs and apps from any computer over any Internet connection, using the common web browser. It isnt apparent whether cloud services are based on HTTP, HTML, XML, JavaScript, or other specific technologies; to the user, the technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible. In short, cloud computing enables a shift from the computer to the user, from applications to tasks, and from isolated data to data that can be accessed from anywhere and shared with anyone. The user no longer has to take on the task of data management; he doesnt even have to remember where the data is. All that matters is that the data is in the cloud, and thus immediately available to that user and to other authorized users. Inside the Cloud: How Cloud Computing Works?In cloud computing, a network of computers functions as a single computer to serve data and applications to users over the Internet. The network exists in the cloud of IP addresses that we know as the Internet, offers massive computing power and storage capability, and enables wide-scale group collaboration. Simply, the cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the Internet. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party in one or more data center locations. The machines can run any combination of operating systems; its the processing power of the machines that matter, not what their desktops look like. Individual users connect to the cloud from their own personal computers or portable devices. To these individual users, the cloud is seen as a single application, device, or document. The hardware in the cloud is invisible .This cloud architecture is deceptively simple, although it does require some intelligent management to connect all those computers together and assign task processing to multitudes of users. Understanding Cloud StorageOne of the primary uses of cloud computing is for offsite data storage. With cloud storage, data is s tored on multiple third-party servers, rather than on the dedicated servers used in traditional networked data storage. When storing data, the user sees a virtual server?that is, it appears as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name. But that place doesnt exist in reality; its just a pseudonym used to reference virtual space carved out of the cloud. In reality, the users data could be stored on any one or more of the computers used to create the cloud. The actual storage location may differ from day to day or even minute to minute, as the cloud dynamically manages available storage space. But even though the location is virtual , the user sees a static location for his data?and can actually manage his storage space as if it were connected to his own PC .Cloud storage has both financial and security advantages over traditional storage models. Financially, the clouds virtual resources are typically cheaper than dedicated physical resources connected to a perso nal computer or network. As for security, data stored in the cloud is secure from accidental erasure or hardware crashes, because it is duplicated across multiple physical machines; because multiple copies of the data are kept continually, the cloud continues to function as normal even if one or more machines go offline. If one machine crashes, the data is duplicated on other machines in the cloud. .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .postImageUrl , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:visited , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:active { border:0!important; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:active , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different types of bullying and the potential effects on children EssayUnderstanding Cloud ServicesAny web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud service. Cloud services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations. Almost all large computing companies today, including both Google and Microsoft, are developing various types of cloud services. With a cloud service, the application itself is hosted in the cloud. An individual user runs the application over the Internet, typically within a web browser. The browser accesses the cloud service and an instance of the application is opened with in the browser window. Once launched, the web-based application operates and behaves like a standard desktop application. The only difference is that the application and the working documents remain on the hosts cloud servers. Cloud services offer many advantages to users. If the users PC crashes, it doesnt affect either the host application or the open document; both remain unaffected in the cloud. In addition, an individual user can access his applications and documents from any location on any PC or portable device, via an Internet connection. He doesnt have to a copy of every app and file with him when he moves from office to home to remote location. Finally, because documents are hosted in the cloud, multiple users can collaborate on the same document in real time, using any available Internet connection. Why is cloud computing important? For developers, cloud computing provides increased amounts of storage and processing power to run the applications they develop. Cloud comput ing also enables new ways to access information, process and analyze data, and connect people and resources from any location anywhere in the world. For IT departments, cloud computing offers more flexibility in computing power, often at lower costs. With cloud computing, IT departments dont have to engineer for peak-load capacity, because the peak load can be spread out among the external assets in the cloud. And, because additional cloud resources are always at the ready, companies no longer have to purchase assets (servers, workstations) for infrequent intensive computing tasks. If you need more processing power, its always there in the cloud?and accessible on a cost-efficient basis. For end users, cloud computing offers all these benefits and more. An individual using a web-based application isnt physically bound to a single PC, location, or network. His applications and documents can be accessed wherever he is, whenever he wants. Documents hosted in the cloud always exist, no m atter what happens to the users machine. And then theres the benefit of group collaboration, for both individuals and organizations. Users from around the world can collaborate on the same documents, applications, and projects, in real time. Its a whole new world of collaborative computing, all enabled by the notion of cloud computing. For everyone concerned, cloud computing does all this at lower costs, because the cloud enables more efficient sharing of resources than does traditional network computing. When you tap into the power of the cloud, you get supercomputing power at PC prices?something that offers particular appeal to individuals and small businesses. And, with cloud computing, hardware doesnt have to be physically adjacent to a firms office or data center; cloud infrastructure can be located anywhere, including and especially areas with lower real estate and electricity costs. Cloud computing is set to change the way everyone uses computers. End users and organizations will be able to tap into more computing power at lower prices, and do their computing from any location in the world. Add to this the untold benefits of enhanced collaboration, and you see why cloud computing is set to be the next big thing in the computing world. The cloud is coming are we ready for it?ReferencesArmbrust, M et al (2009), Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of CloudComputing, UC Berkeley EECS, Feb 10thhttp://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdfCass, S (2009), Market watch: Virtual computers, real money,MIT/Technology Review, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22608/Economist (2008), Corporate IT Special Report: Let it rise, The Economist,Oct 23rdhttp://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12411882Goldstein, P (2009), The Tower, the Cloud, and the IT leader and workforce,in Katz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and the Cloud: Higher Education in the Ageof Cloud Computing, Educausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandt hecloudKatz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and the Cloud: Higher Education in the Age ofCloud Computing, Educausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandthecloudMcKinsey ; Co (2009), Clearing the Clouds , UptimeInstitute, Marchhttp://uptimeinstitute.org/images/stories/McKinsey_Report_Cloud_Computing/mckinsey_clearing_the%20clouds_final_04142009.ppt.pdfNaone, E (2009a), Technology Overview: Conjuring clouds, MIT/TechnologyReview, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22606/Naone, E (2009b), Industry challenges: the standards question,MIT/Technology Review, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22611/Vaquero, LM et al (2009), A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition,Computer Communication Review, v39 i1 pp50-55http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1496091.1496100Yanosky, R (2009), From Users to choosers: The cloud and the changingshape of enterprise authority, in Katz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and theCloud: Higher Education in the Age of Cloud Computing, E ducausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandthecloudGolden, B (2009), McKinsey Cloud Computing Report Conclusions Dont AddUp, CIO, April 27http://www.cio.com/article/490770/McKinsey_Cloud_Computing_Report_Conclusions_Don_t_Add_UpHinchcliffe, D (2009), Eight ways cloud computing will change business,Enterprise Web 2.0 blog, June 5thhttp://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe/?p=488Young, J (2008), 3 ways that web-based computing will change colleges ?and challenge them, The Chronicle of Higher Education, v55 i10

Motivation and Leadership Theories

Motivation and Leadership Theories Introduction Leadership is a concept that has been applied in organizations to encourage people to achieve goals. Leaders motivate the followers to achieve the goals of an organization. Therefore, leadership and motivation should be applied together to achieve the intended objectives (Certo, p. 149).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Leadership Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transformational theory Leaders apply transformational strategies to change the old systems and install new systems in an organization. In an organization, this can be achieved by collaborating with all stakeholders (Certo, p. 152). From the case study, Jonathan is seen as a transformational leader who is attentive to his workers. Jonathan is focused on the performance of his group by allowing flexibility in the job environment. He assigns his workers different duties each weak, so the workers do not get bored by doing the same task each week. On the other hand, Dan is supervisor who is adamant to allow his worker change work strategies. Hence, Alex complains about doing the same task each weak. Dan does not believe that the best way of learning is doing the same thing over and over again. Alex condemns the way Dan handles the workers. Participative theory Participative theory suggests that ideal leadership style requires the input of others. This helps the member of the group to feel relevant in that organization and engaged in decision making process (Certo, p. 123). In the case study, Jonathan applies this theory by encouraging his employees to notify him when the items are running low. He also empowered them to obtain items from the vendors. Motivation theories For employees to perform their duties to the expectations of an organization, they need to be motivated. Several people have suggested varied theories to find out the workers can be greatly motivated. Contribution theory The theory was dev eloped by Rensis Likert. According to Likert organizations can be broken down into primitive authoritarian, benevolent authoritarian, consultative and participative systems of management. He suggests an organization that embraces this approach is more likely to have motivated workers than organizations that adopt other system. In the case contest, Dan is flexible enough to allow his workers do their work on the own receives feedback from them regarding the job. He discusses job issues with Stephanie and lets her actively participate in determining how the work is to be done. Despite the fact that the work seems difficult Stephanie is motivated because she new assignments as chance to learn new things. On contrast, Dan doesn’t discuss work matters with his employees to find out how better the work can be done. This has left Alex disgruntled and disappointed with his leadership style.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Needs Hierarchy theory This theory postulates that employees are not only motivated by rewards in form of salaries and other bonuses but by also by satisfying employees various needs. Such needs are physiological, security, social, esteem and self-actualization. Any organization that tend to focus on satisfying employee needs is bound to have Motivated workforce In the case study Jonathan understands this and tries appreciating the work done by his employees. He allows his employees to socially and achieves self-actualization about their work performance. Dan on the other hand limits employee’s freedom of socialization by not letting them have a sense of security and association. Conclusion To motivate workers, managers should understand that special attention needs to be paid to worker needs and expectations from organization. They should strive to achieve good working relationship with the workers for proper motivati on and performance. Certo, Samuel. Modern Management: International Version. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd, 2011. Print.

Applying Kants Ethical Theory to Nursing

Applying Kants Ethical Theory to Nursing Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Kà ¶nigsberg, which is today the city of Kaliningrad in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast (Watkins, 2002). He was raised in a Pietist household that stressed intense religious devotion, personal humility, and a literal interpretation of the Bible (European Graduate School [EGS], 2010). Kant wrote numerous works in his lifetime but most of Kant’s work on ethics is presented in two works, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals written in 1785, and the Critique of Practical Reason written in 1787 (McCormick, 2006). In order to understand Kant’s ethical views, his views on duty, reason, freedom, and good will should be explored. Freedom plays an important role in Kant’s ethics. A moral judgment presupposes freedom (McCormick, 2006). Also, freedom is a notion of reason, so without the assumption of freedom, reason cannot proceed. On the other hand, reason can only be satisfied with assumptions that practical observatio n cannot support. Reason seeks knowledge or understanding that it cannot comprehend (Williams, 2009). The question of moral action is an issue for rational beings. There is nothing in a rational beings character to waver. It will always match the dictate of reason. Humans are not wholly rational beings. We can either follow our natural instinct or non-rational impulse. Thus, rules of conduct are needed to guide human’s actions. Will is the ability to act according to the law. Outcomes of our actions are beyond our control. The only thing we can control is the will behind the action. Morality of an act must be assessed in terms of the impulse behind it. Kant says â€Å"good will† as the only thing unconditionally good because it cannot be used for ill purpose. Kant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the Categorical imperative. Categorical imperative is defined as the standard of rationality from which all moral requirements a re derived (Categorical imperative, 2007). It is an imperative because it is a command. It commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way. It is categorical because it is unconditionally and applies to everyone at all times (Hinman, 2006). CI requires an autonomous will. It is the presence of this self-governing reason in each person that Kant offered decisive grounds for viewing each person as possessed of equal worth and deserving of equal respect. There are three maxims or categorical imperatives that Kant’s theory are based on. The first categorical imperative is Universalisability which states that, â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† The second categorical imperative is the Law of Nature which states that, â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end.† The third categorical imperative is known as the Kingdom of Ends states that, â€Å"every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends† (Kant, n.d.,  ¶ 43).

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Reflection Paper - Essay Example It is known as industrial organization, and it makes managers have an understanding of how to make strategic decisions. Strategic decisions are those decisions that aim at changing a firm’s condition for which it competes with other firms. This is done to increase profit made by a firm in the long run. Managers must consider the economic cost of resources in order to achieve their profitability. The economic cost of resources is equivalent to the sum of what resource owners pay and the forgone returns of failing to take the resources of the owner to the market. In order for a firm to maximize its profits, the revenue and cost must not be dependent at all times. According to Thomas and Maurice, managers may make mistakes like increasing output to cut down average costs (13; ch.1) In the market, there are two groups of people: price setters and the price takers. The price takers are firms that cannot set prices in the market. To them, prices are set by demand and supply forces i n the market. Price setters, on the other hand, decide on the price for their products. Price setters control the market as they have the power to set prices. Market is where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services under an arrangement. The market helps in reduction of cost as the only cost involved is the product’s price. There are various market structures. ... Thirdly, there is the monopolistic perfect market that comprises many small firms, differentiated products and no barrier to entrance of new firms. The last form of structure is oligopoly; it is whereby firms produce all products, and their profits are not independent. The action of one firm may lead to a consequent effect on other firms. A recent structure is the globalized markets whereby markets in the world have been integrated. The integration has provided firms with a chance to sell and buy their goods and services in the foreign markets. Charles and Christopher presented an alarm on increased competition from other producers (23; ch.1) A review on Is Wal-Mart Good for America This movie gives a provocative scrutiny of the effect Wal-Mart had on America’s economy. This video highlights the transforming relationship between retailers and manufacturers demonstrated by Wal-Mart, which has led to bankruptcy firms in America and increased unemployment rate. As Wall-Mart suppo rters advertise the pros of low cost, others are shocked at what has led to low prices and the effect of large retailers on SMEs. From the Chapter Cne review in the video, it can be noted that this is one of the many mistakes that managers do hoping that they will make more profits. For instance, the global retailers overtake producers in decision making on product price, type and quality. Global retailers are superseding manufacturers in making decisions about product quality, type and price. There is no balanced trade as the Chinese are unable to buy American products while Americans buy theirs. To add to that, Wal-Mart has 6,000 suppliers, and China makes 80% of this. China has emerged

Campaign financing is protected under the First Amendment and is a Essay

Campaign financing is protected under the First Amendment and is a form of free speech - Essay Example The sources include bodies like companies in the possession of the state or those that are independently held. The event of funding campaigns comprises of variant views from scholars. There are people who support the actions whereas others refute this idea. Funding campaigns is an exceedingly freewill to corporations and entities (Hudson, 2011). This has explanations in the idea that corporations have contractual capacities. This explains that they can create agreements. This essay seeks to explore the arguments supporting financing of campaigns and oppositions of this argument. One reason why corporations can lend funds is that they have rights. This means that they entail rights similar to those of a person. Therefore, corporations can lend money to any persons that they please. For instance, funding money is an aspect of people. This depicts that a corporate can lawfully offer funds to campaigns. This explains that the corporate entail right to operate without intimidation from ru le enforcers. Therefore, corporations possess possible capabilities to fund campaigns (Saad, 2010). Companies presume the position of people that own rights. This is firm reason for enabling corporations to finance campaigns. Apart from the idea that entities can fund other partnerships, they also entail the power to own wealth. This shows the truth aligned with acting of corporations. The first Amendment entails the facts that corporations can space for speech. One of the ways that it can express this freedom is concerning the way it handles decisions. The amendment offers that corporations can strategize their plans without counteractions. Therefore, companies have the power to execute their decisions without facing objections (Smith, 2007). This ensures that his or her actions have no one to outlaw. Bodies executing law ought to let companies perform their missions without interruption. The first amendment explains that companies entail the space to decide on their bill. This ens ures that their funds have no second deciders. This is a result of the first amendment. Therefore, the corporations can act without feeling exploited by the authorities. This gives companies a leeway to decide on the places to invest their capital. Corporations depict the idea that their funds become exploited according to their decisions. The requirements of law ensure that everything corporations have contractual power (Kerch, 2003). Therefore, campaigns can source resources from corporations. The other reason for insisting on the financing of campaigns is the idea that they require the finances to function. This is explains that campaigns entail hefty capital that has to be solicited. These funds help many political bodies strategize their missions. This explains that the bodies entail to achieve what they perceive best for the entities. The other thing is that the entities have to ensure that they perform their decisions according to the provision in the amendment act. Campaigns necessitate finances so that they can be captivating moving in their actions. Another reason is the fact that corporations entail heavy capital. This explains reasons why campaigns solicit finances from them. This is because campaigns require heavy capital in executing their convincing. This is something entailing investing of high amounts of funds. Campaigns require sufficient finances that come from stable bodies like corporations. Small entities cannot avail ample resources to run campaigns. Therefore, ample funds emanate from able bodies like corporations. Therefore, companies have the power of deciding whether to help campaigners. This is a requirement of the act that companies follow their rightful decisions. The other fact is

Apush Constitution Essay Example for Free

Apush Constitution Essay The Federalists, on the other hand, maintained as broad constructionists who argue that government should do whatever that is not forbidden on the Constitution. However, throughout the course of 1801 to 1817, both parties failed to stay consistent with their original principles and adopted whichever interpretation of the Constitution that serves them best. Politically, the War of 1812, also known as â€Å"Mr. Madison’s war† with Britain, stirred the most controversy in Federalist and Republicans. Madison supported the war because of the seemingly auspicious terms he can get out of the war. War of 1812 promised several things: more land for settlement, completely elimination of Britain’s presences in America and Canada, and most importantly, it promised to restore unity in U. S. Federalists, now acting as strict constructions, demands word by word justification of declaring war on Britain. For example, Daniel Webster argued that â€Å"†¦Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and parents from their children, and compel them to fight the battles of any war in which the folly or the wickedness of the government may engage it? † Many Federalists felt declaring war with the country of their origin is unfaithful to the Canon Laws which they obey in churches. Furthermore, they view France as America’s real enemy since it seized more cargo from American merchants than Britain. Economically, both Jefferson and Madison shift their constructionist policies and contradict with their former ideologies about the interpretation of Constitution. For example, prior to Jefferson’s presidency, he firmly addressed his belief that the power of government comes from what is given from the Constitution in lines â€Å"I believe [we] shall obtain†¦a majority in the legislature of the United States, attached to the preservation of the federal Constitution, according o its obvious principles and those rights unquestionably remaining with them;† (Doc A). However, he contradicted his belief in strict constructionism with Louisiana Purchase, since Constitution didn’t grant him the power to make such purchases. Many Federalists now shifted their stances to strict constructionist who demands justification of whether such expenditure is constitutional or not. Jefferson, acting as loose constructionist now, supports the purchase because it opens lands for settlement and strengthens his popularity in South and West. The loose constructionism of the Jeffersonian Republicans is also shown in the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-intercourse Act. Both acts restricted American ships from engaging foreign trade between the years of 1807 to 1812 especially to England and France. To Federalists in New England, who profited from supplying Britain and French during Napoleonic war, the two acts placed by Jefferson is an abuse of power by the Federal government. They felt the constitution did not provide government the power to place embargo, and believe that the government is dragging the nation’s economy back (Doc C). Jefferson once again loosely interprets and Constitution and validates these acts by claiming these acts as protection of American interests and avoid warfare. The Protective Tariff of 1816, which designs to benefit domestic economy, further accentuates the Jeffersonian Republicans’ shift from strict constructionism. Several strict constructionists in Democratic Republican Party pointed out that â€Å"†¦ the present government renounces the true republican principle†¦ its principle now is old Federalism†¦it would be unjust, to aggravate the burdens of the people for the purpose of favoring manufactures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Many Democratic Republicans felt the imposition of tariffs on citizens overrides the original republican belief that the government shall have no power to interdict actions that Constitution didn’t specify (Doc. B) and therefore, the strict constructionists in the Republican Party felt cheated by Jefferson and Madison. In general and Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists are more than willing to compromise their originals principles for national and sometimes self-serving interests whenever they feel necessary. Jefferson, later in 1816, addresses that â€Å"†¦the laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightens, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also and keep pace with the times. † (Doc. G)

Food Poisoning :: Health, Food Safety

Introduction: Every year millions of people suffer from food poisoning due to uncontrolled application of agricultural chemicals, environmental contamination, use of illegal additives , microbiological hazards and others but as a result of increasing awareness of consumers and their demands to provide them with safe, wholesome and high quality food have force many food premises to carry out a broad assessment and re-organize their systems of food control in turn to improve efficiency , rationalization of human resources and harmonizing approaches. This assessment of food control system has resulted to shift from the traditional approach which depends mainly on the final product sampling and inspection and move forward toward the implementation of a preventative safety and quality approach based on risk analysis. (FAO, 1998) Risk based approaches has been developed by World health organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and it is called risk analysis .(WHO,2011)-website Moreover, risk analysis is a combination of three interconnected elements which are Risk management, Risk assessment and Risk communication. (FAO/WHO training manual, 2006) Risk assessment is a scientific evaluation of risk associated with hazard either qualitatively or quantitatively .Risk management is the process where the relevant information of risk including risk assessment results are used to make decisions on how they will control the risk and implementing proper options. Finally risk communication which may define as the process by which exchange of information occur between risk assessors, managers and concerned parties. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae922e/ae922e04.htm) Government officials: In order to prepare a food products that is safe for human consumption and trade within the country or worldwide as well as maintain public confidence the government officials has a major role in this issue, yet it is clear that the government has no role in the production of food and cannot by itself to make safe or unsafe food. However, the government does play two important roles to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The first major role is to create food standards and implement it through laws, regulations, inspection, and compliance procedures. These standards range from setting legislation to prevent food adulteration toward defining limits on the levels of pesticides residues as well as levels of pathogenic bacteria, food labelling, preparation and packaging of food. As a consequence, USDAs in recent times implemented HACCP system for meat and poultry to reduce harmful contamination and the risk of food borne illness. The second role is to address food safety problems that are beyond the control of any person participating in the food chain, which require more than a regulatory solution like for example E.

Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Essay

Some of the things I believe that the counselor has learned from Steve are, it taught the counselor that you cannot help a person on their own life path. Only they can find their way. You just have to follow them and be supportive in the situation and on the path they choose. Some people may try to take the easy way out of everything. The counselor learned that you need to help them to take the long road, even though it may be harder and more complicated, sometimes it is the long road that gives you the better outcome in life and other journeys you may decide to take throughout your life. The counselor learned that a person cannot be guided on a deeply personal journey. You cannot know another’s personal destination. You have to let the person find their own way. You be there travel companion and be there when they need a little help continuing. Some of the counselor’s behaviors that may change as a result of working with Steve are, the counselor will now be able to help a person that is on a difficult journey to better their life. The counselor will be able to help them find their own way instead of trying to guide them down a path. The counselor will be able to teach someone that even though the short easy road looks good, it usually doesn’t get you where you want to be in life. Sometimes you have to take the long and difficult road to get the results that you want. Taking the easy way through things doesn’t benefit you as much as taking the long road. The counselor will now be able to look at things through a different point of view. Instead of always looking through it as a guide, the counselor will now be able to look at it through a travel companions eyes, instead of telling them what they should do, will be able to help them decide what they want to do and what is right for them. Yes I think that most people you come into contact with change you in some way. When people come into your life, they come in for a reason. You have friends that come into your life, and they help you to make either the right decisions or wrong decisions in that part of your life. You will have some that will get you to try drugs or alcohol or stealing. You have to decide what is right for you. You see your friends getting into trouble and you know that is not what you want for yourself so you change who you are friends with and the way you look at life, and find new friends, and a new path to turn down. Every person that you come in contact with helps you in some way you just don’t realize it. You see a homeless person on the street you will do what you need to do so you do not end up like that person. You meet an executive or person that works in the field of study you are doing, you will study and try to do what you have too to make it to that point in your life. You will always try to do things to better yourself, especially when you see people doing exactly what it is that you want to do. You will always have that one person you look up to and want to be just like. Everyone that you meet will give you that little bit of something to strive for or strive against. Steve has changes as a result of this relationship because he has learned that not everyone is against him and what he wants to do with his life. He has learned that there are people that are willing to stand next to him on his long and difficult path. He now knows that no matter what life throws at him, if he tries hard enough he can accomplish anything he wants to. He has learned to never let anyone or anything tell him he can’t achieve whatever goal he is after. He is a very strong independent person, but sometimes he needs a little push to keep him going in the direction that he is already headed. Yes I believe Steve has benefited from this relationship. He gained a lot more self- esteem than what he had to begin with. He has also learned to trust more people that are trying to help him with his journey. He got a lot out of the relationship, because not everyone is willing to help someone in his situation. So he has learned to trust and believe in more people. Statement 9: Human service professionals recognize and build on the clients strengths. In this situation the counselor recognized and built on the clients weaknesses. The client wanted to use his weaknesses to help him become a better person. Steve didn’t want to overlook his weaknesses and or disabilities. He used those weaknesses and turned them into strengths. I feel that was not the normal thing to do, but in this situation it was the right thing to do. I will resolve this by showing myself that. It is important to follow ethical standards because it is to ensure that you are not over stepping your boundaries as a health care professional. If you overstep your boundaries, you may end up with a law suit. It is best to follow them even though they are not laws.

“a Study of Bpo Industry with Reference to Employee Essay

The industry is very diverse, with several sub-segments, each displaying its own unique characteristics. The BPO players need to be excellent in every facet of operations as the market is highly competitive at every level and re-defining itself every day. It is basically a people-centric industry. The scenario however, is not as rosy as it looks, for this sector with enormous potential. Like any other industry during its growth phase, this industry is also going through its share of turbulence. There was the issue about people quitting the BPO jobs and the question arrived in my mind were: â€Å"Why do BPO executives job-hop so frequently? Is it just because of money or are there other reasons? and created an interest in my mind to find out the answers not only for the above questions but also for finding out the retention strategies that can be adopted by BPO’s. For the purpose of this project, the research work is limited to only 10 BPO’s in Mumbai and their 200 employees. It was very difficult to study the industry as a whole as the size of the industry is very large and it is very difficult to extract information about the attrition rates and reasons for he same and also the strategies adapted by different companies to retain its staff in limited time period given for completion of the project.

Nicaragua No parasan essays

Nicaragua No parasan essays In the documentary Nicaragua: No Pasaran, David Bradbury has presented a biased impression of reality, and has used many techniques to present this reality to the viewer. The aim of the documentary is to cause the viewer to feel sympthatetic to the Sandanista's and become distanced and "anti" towards the Americans. Both these two parties are portrayed very differently to achieve Bradbury's desired viewer positionment. The start of the documentary presents the Nicaraguan society with a community type spirit, giving off a festival type atmosphere. There is local-type music, and people present from all walks of life. They all seem to be happy, and the Sandanistan military is shown very briefly. Suddenly, this mood is juxtaposed with footage from a Nicaraguan mass funeral, which outlines the extreme differences in the Nicaraguan society. It becomes apparent that this conflict has political roots, and the viewer questions the motives of the enemy to the people at the funeral. The crowd is chanting "no pasaran" which translated means "no entry." Later in the documentary, it becomes apparent that the Nicaraguan's do not want American control of their county as a "puppet." A low camera angle shot of a soldier is seen in a stance which indicated to the viewer that the Nicaraguan people would prefer to protest by passive means rather than by aggressive ones, but is prepared to fight if it is deemed necessa ry for their survival. Already, in these opening scenes, Bradbury has positioned the viewer to begin to feel sympathetic toward the Nicaraguan's. The featured leader in the documentary of the Sandanista's and the Nicaraguan government is that of Thomas Borhes. This is done because Borhes is the one that the viewer can feel more sympathetic and supportive towards, because of what happened to him in the past. Plus, if they feel more sympathetic and supportive toward Borhes, then they can feel the same way (to) about the Nicaraguans as a whol...